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Alcohol, HMGB1, and Innate Immune Signaling in the Brain.

PURPOSE: Binge drinking (i.e., consuming enough alcohol to achieve a blood ethanol concentration of 80 mg/dL, approximately 4-5 drinks withi … and treatment. SEARCH METHODS: The authors used the search terms "HMGB1 protein," "alcohol," and "brain" across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to find articles published between 1991 and 2023. SEARCH RESULTS: The database search found 54 references in PubMed, 47 in Scopus, and 105 in Embase. A total of about 100 articles were included. DISCUSSION AND CO …

The neuroprotective potential of carbazole in traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To review the neuroprotective potential of carbazole and its derivatives in the management of traumatic brain injury (TBI), focusing on their mechanisms of action, preclinical findings, and potential clinical applications. DATA SOURCES: Relevant literature was identified through a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases. REVIEW METHODS: This review includes an analysis of studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of carbazole, emphasizing its anti-apoptotic, antioxidative, neurotrophic, and mitochondrial protec…

Brain invasion by an otherwise benign meningioma in a cat.

CASE SUMMARY: A 13-year-old castrated male American Shorthair cat was referred for evaluation following a 3-week history of poor balance and … L INFORMATION: This case demonstrates that even feline meningiomas with benign features can exhibit brain invasion. Since brain invasion is an indicator of malignancy in meningioma, a detailed histopathological evaluation of the tumour margins is essential for accurate grading and prognosis.

Uremic toxins and the brain in chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased risk for cognitive impairment compared to the general population. The risk is much higher in CKD patients who progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and require hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Multiple factors may contribute to cognitive impairment in CKD patients and in patients on chronic dialysis. However, the observation that, after kidney transplantation, there is an improvement in several cognitive performance markers and that some structural and functional brain abnormalities may improve suggests that cognitive deficits i…

Congenital brain tumour in a neonate: a therapeutic challenge.

A term neonate with history of ventriculomegaly in the fetal period was diagnosed with a central nervous system tumour after radiological investigations. It was confirmed as an immature teratoma after histopathological examination. He underwent left frontal craniotomy with tumour excision. Intraoperatively, massive haemorrhage (venous bleed) occurred due to the high vascularity of the tumour and led to haemodynamic instability. A massive transfusion protocol was initiated. Despite multiple transfusions and shock management, he succumbed at 2 weeks of life. This case report highlights the impor

Partial Response to Naxitamab for Brain Metastasis in Neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma (NBL) is a common pediatric tumor arising from sympathetic ganglion cells. High-risk NBL is based on age, stage, histology, and MYCN amplification, and is associated with a high mortality rate. The combination of naxitamab (NAX) and granulocyte-macrophage (cerebrospinal fluid) is a new treatment for high-risk and relapsed NBL approved for bone or bone marrow disease. NAX is a monoclonal antibody directed against anti-disialoganglioside, which is overexpressed in neuroblastoma. Under normal circumstances, monoclonal antibodies, such as NAX, cannot cross the blood-brain barrier due…

[Delivery of JAL-TA9 to the brain by nasal application].

We have reported on two Catalytides (Catalytic peptides), JAL-TA9 (YKGSGFRMI) and ANA-TA9 (SKGQAYRMI). Both peptides belong to the Tob/BTG family proteins and cleave Aβ42. Although Catalytides must be delivered to the brain parenchyma to treat Alzheimer's disease, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits their entry into the brain from the systemic circulation. Thus, we evaluated the direct route of ANA-TA9 from the nasal cavity to the brain to bypass the BBB. In this study, we present our findings on JAL-TA9. Animal studies using rats and mice clarified that the plasma clearance of JAL-TA9 was mo…

Patterns of brain metastases response to immunotherapy with pembrolizumab.

PURPOSE: Central nervous system (CNS) metastases from lung cancers and melanoma, significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in local therapies, there is a need for effective systemic treatments. Pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, has shown promise for some patients with untreated brain metastases from melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aims to analyze the response of brain metastasis to pembrolizumab and associate characteristics like size and location with treatment outcome. METHODS: This retrospective study used imaging data from a phase II …

A Hemorrhagic Brain Mass in a Child With Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis.

Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL) is a rare genetic condition with well-described skin, ocular, and central nervous system findings. Several case reports have been documented demonstrating the presence of low-grade gliomas in patients with ECCL and the association with certain FGFR1 mutations. We report on a case of diffuse low-grade glioma, mitogen activated protein kinase pathway altered in a patient with ECCL, who was found to have a distinct FGFR1 mutation.

Проблема в том, что диагноз мозга бабочек.

Каллосум с корпусом может раскрыть "бутерфляж" изображения в различных условиях, включая глиобластому, первичную центральную нервную лимфому, тумефактивный множественный склероз и токсоплазмоз. Раннее различие между этими условиями имеет решающее значение для того, чтобы избежать агрессивного лечения. В одном случае 70-летняя женщина с многократным склерозом пережила неврологический спад. В то время как снимки указывают на высокий уровень глиомы, биопсия в конечном счете подтвердила диагноз тумефактивного множественного склероза. Пациент показал, что стероидная терапия улучшается. Важно провод

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… A brain MRI with and without contrast (Figure 2 ) was ordered, and a navigated guided biopsy was performed. A non-contrast brain CT scan. Axial (A) and coronal (B) views show marked perilesional edema causing a left-ward midline shift. … Due to the blood-brain barrier disruption, MRI shows a homogeneous, marked contrast enhancement. Rare findings include hemorrhage, calcifications, necrosis, and cyst formation [ 15 ].  …

Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a phenomenon observed following the predominantly long-term use of dopamine receptor blockers (antipsychotics) widely used in psychiatry. TD is a group of involuntary, irregular hyperkinetic movements, mainly in the muscles of the face, eyelid, lips, tongue, and cheeks, and less frequently in the limbs, neck, pelvis, and trunk. In some patients, TD takes on an extremely severe form, massively disrupting functioning and, moreover, causing stigmatization and suffering. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method used, among others, in Parkinson's disease, is also an effecti…

ADC values as a biomarker of fetal brain maturation.

BACKGROUND: During the period of fetal development, myelination plays a key role and follows specific time and spatial sequences. The water content in the brain is inversely proportional to myelination - the more myelinated the brain, the lower the water content in it. The diffusion of water molecules can be quantitatively assessed using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). We were interested in whether, by determining the ADC values, we could quantitatively evaluate the development of the fetal brain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 42 fetuses with gestational age 25 to 35 week…

Expression patterns of AEG-1 in the normal brain.

Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is a well-known oncogene implicated in various types of human cancers, including brain tumors. Recently, AEG-1 has also been reported to play pivotal roles in glioma-associated neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the normal physiological functions and expression patterns of AEG-1 in the brain are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of AEG-1 in the normal mouse brain and found that AEG-1 is widely expressed in neurons and neuronal precursor …

Cerebral malaria-using the retina to study the brain.

Cerebral malaria (CM) remains a common cause of death of children in Africa with annual mortality of 400 000. Malarial retinopathy is a uniq … on is common and causes ischaemic changes in the retina in CM. It is likely this is mirrored in the brain and may cause global neurological impairments evident on developmental follow up. Three types of blood-retina barrier breakdown are evident: large focal, punctate, and vessel leak. Punctate and large focal leak (haemorrhage in formation) are associa …

The spatiotemporal dynamics of semantic integration in the human brain.

Language depends critically on the integration of lexical information across multiple words to derive semantic concepts. Limitations of spatiotemporal resolution have previously rendered it difficult to isolate processes involved in semantic integration. We utilized intracranial recordings in epilepsy patients (n = 58) who read written word definitions. Descriptions were either referential or non-referential to a common object. Semantically referential sentences enabled high frequency broadband gamma activation (70-150 Hz) of the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS), medial parietal cortex, orbitofro

Individual Variability of Broca's Area of the Brain in Women.

In this article, we studied individual features of the macroscopic structure of Broca's area of the brains in 9 women (18 hemispheres) aged from 20 to 30 years, without any mental or neurological disorders. By using MRI, the structures of the sulci and gyri of the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of Broca's area were studied: the anterior and ascending rami of the lateral sulcus, the radial, diagonal, precentral, inferior frontal, and lateral sulci. We also studied the relationship between the pars triangularis and pars opercularis as well as their relationships with neighboring cortical…

The impact of fingolimod on Treg function in brain ischaemia.

Fingolimod has generally shown neuroprotective effects in stroke models. Here, we tested the hypothesis that fingolimod modulates T-cell cyt … robehavioural recovery compared to saline control and increased Treg frequency in the periphery and brain. Tregs from fingolimod-treated animals had a higher expression of CCR8. Fingolimod increased the frequencies of CD4+ IL-10+ , CD4+ IFN-γ+ and CD4+ IL-10+ IFN-γ+ cells in spleen and blood, and CD4+ IL-17+ cells in the spleen, with only minor effects …

Molecular Regulation of the Response of Brain Pericytes to Hypoxia.

The brain needs sufficient oxygen in order to function normally. This is achieved by a large vascular capillary network ensuring that oxygen supply meets the changing demand of the brain tissue, especially in situations of hypoxia. Brain capillaries are formed by endothelial cells and perivascular pericytes, whereby pericytes in the brain have a particularly high 1:1 ratio to endothelial cells. Pericytes not only have a key location at the blood/brain interface, they also have multiple functions, for example, they maintain blood-brain barrier integrity, play an important role in angiogenesis a…