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Social Determinants of Health and Cross-Sectional Cognitive Intra-Individual Variability in Adults from the Deep South Living with HIV.

Cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) is a sensitive marker of neuropathology and is increased in people with HIV (PWH). In a sample of PWH from the United States Deep South, we examined the relationship of cognitive IIV with cognitive impairment and social determinants of health (SDoH). This secondary analysis included 131 PWH from a larger cognitive training protocol. Our primary outcome measure was the coefficient of variation (CoV). We also included the individual standard deviation (iSD), with both calculated from demographically adjusted T-scores and unadjusted sample-based scores…

Микроглию и миэлопероксидазу в нейронных и нейродегенеративных болезнях.

Догма непроницаемого кровеносного барьера (ББД) уступила место мнению о том, что постоянные иммунные клетки в центральной нервной системе реагируют на различные растворимые в крови факторы, особенно цитокины, и играют важную функциональную роль. В частности, микроглиатические клетки способствуют регулированию нейроинфламмации, выполняя как защитные, так и патологические функции. Специфическая микроглиа активация может оказывать влияние на прогресс нервно-воспалительных и нейродегенеративных заболеваний, включая болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона, множественный склероз и амиотропический бо

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The dogma of an impenetrable blood-brain barrier (BBB) has given way to the view that resident immune cells within the central nervous syste … gut microbiota, microglia, MPO, and neuroinflammation are essential to unravel the complexities of neuropathology in a variety of conditions beyond neurodegenerative diseases.

Wearable-based physiological monitoring and brain magnetic resonance imaging metrics in multiple sclerosis: A feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Physiological monitoring may be u … suggest the feasibility of using wearable sensors to detect physiological parameters reflective of neuropathology in patients with MS.

A cross-sectional study of α-synuclein seed amplification assay in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: Prevalence and associations with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers and cognitive function.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is defined by β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tau, but Lewy bodies (LBs; 𝛼-synuclein aggregates) are a common co-pathology for which effective biomarkers are needed. METHODS: A validated α-synuclein Seed Amplification Assay (SAA) was used on recent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 1638 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants, 78 with LB-pathology confirmation at autopsy. We compared SAA outcomes with neuropathology, Aβ and tau biomarkers, risk-factors, genetics, and cognitive trajectories. RESULTS: SAA …

Distinct forebrain regions define a dichotomous astrocytic profile in multiple system atrophy.

The growing recognition of a dichotomous role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative processes has heightened the need for unraveling distinct astrocytic subtypes in neurological disorders. In multiple system atrophy (MSA), a rare, rapidly progressing atypical Parkinsonian disease characterized by increased astrocyte reactivity. However the specific contribution of astrocyte subtypes to neuropathology remains elusive. Hence, we first set out to profile glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in astrocytes across the human post mortem motor cortex, putamen, and substantia nigra of MSA patients and o…

A Coalition to Advance Treatments for Parkinson's Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Related Disorders.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) share underlying neuropathology. Despite overlapping biology, therapeutic development has been approached separately for these clinical syndromes and there remains no treatment to slow, stop or prevent progression of clinical symptoms and development disability for people living with PD or DLB. Recent advances in biomarker tools, however, have paved new paths for biologic definition and staging of PD and DLB under a shared research framework. Patient-centered research funding organizations see the opportunity for a novel biological s…

Sex and Sleep Disruption as Contributing Factors in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more women than men, with women throughout the menopausal transition potentially being the most under resea … h AD and have bi-directional relationships that contribute synergistically to cognitive decline and neuropathology. The association during aging of increased sleep disruption and sleep disorders, dramatic hormonal changes during and after menopause, and increased AD pathology may be interacting and contributing factors that lead to the increased number of women …

TNF-α blockage prevents late neurological consequences of Zika virus infection in mice.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic Orthoflavivirus that causes a myriad of neurological manifestations in newborns exposed in uterus. Despite the devastating consequences of ZIKV on the developing brain, strategies to prevent or treat the consequences of viral infection are not yet available. We previously showed that short-term treatment with the TNF-α neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Infliximab could prevent seizures at acute and chronic stages of ZIKV infection, but had no impact on long-term cognitive and motor dysfunction. Due to the central role of inflammation in ZIKV-neuropathology, w…

Association of ten VEGF family genes with Alzheimer's disease endophenotypes at single cell resolution.

INTRODUCTION: Using a single-nucleus transcriptome derived from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 424 Religious Orders Study and the Rus … l global cognitive function, longitudinal cognitive trajectories, and more Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. The associations between FLT1 or FLT4 and AD endophenotypes appear to be driven by endothelial and microglial cells. VEGFB expression seems to have opposing effects on the Aβ burden in AD depending on cell types, highlighting its potential protecti …

Tau seeding without tauopathy.

Neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are caused by brain accumulation of tau assemblies. Evidence suggests tau fun … dy to immunopurify tau from the parietal and cerebellar cortices of 19 healthy subjects without any neuropathology, ranging 19 to 65 years. We detected seeding in lysates from the parietal cortex, but not in the cerebellum. We also detected no seeding in brain homogenates from wildtype or human tau knockin mice, suggesting that cellular/genetic context dictates …

Protecting the Brain While Healing Hearts: The Protective Role of Cognitive Reserve in Cardiac Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: One of the most significant complications following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is postoperative cognitive decline (POCD). CABG patients frequently experience considerable postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), including decline in attention, orientation, memory, judgment, and social functioning. DESIGN: These negative effects may potentially be resolved by a protective factor, cognitive reserve (CR) that has been considered to function as a buffer against the consequences of neuropathology. SETTING: We explored the frequency of POCD and CR in coronary artery disea…

Ketone bodies mediate alterations in brain energy metabolism and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction, including learning and memory deficits, and behavioral changes. Neuropathology hallmarks of AD such as amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles containing the neuron-specific protein tau is associated with changes in fluid biomarkers including Aβ, phosphorylated tau (p-tau)-181, p-tau 231, p-tau 217, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NFL). Another pathological feature of AD is neural damage and hyperacti…

[Diagnostic criteria in dementing illness. What's new?].

The spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases that primarily affect cognition and behaviorspreads from asymptomatic preclinical disease to very … possible functioning in daily life and quality of life. Differentiate, based on clinical criteria, neuropathology, and biomarkers, AD and its atypical variants from other common dementias including Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Frontotemporal Degeneration, and less frequent cognitive disorders. The importance of getting an accurate a …

Age-Related Alterations in Gray Matter Microstructure in Older People With Remitted Major Depression at Risk for Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) in late life is a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease. Howev … isotropic volume fraction and a decrease in orientation dispersion index, which is consistent with neuropathology dendritic loss. In addition, this relationship between age and increased isotropic volume fraction was more disrupted in the MCI group than in the remitted MDD or healthy control groups. However, the association between age and orientation dispersio …

The brain's weakness in the face of trauma: How head trauma causes the destruction of the brain.

Of all our organs, the brain is perhaps the best protected from trauma. The skull has evolved to enclose it and, within the skull, the brain … nd Alzheimer's (following decades of life). They share common features of clinical presentation and neuropathology, and this conceptual analysis seeks to identify features common to these forms of brain injury and to identify where in the brain the damage common to them occurs; and how it occurs, despite the protection provided by the skull and cerebrospinal flu …

Coherence between electromyographic signals of anterior tibialis, soleus, and gastrocnemius during standing balance tasks.

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge about the mechanics and physiological features of balance for healthy individuals enhances understanding of impairments of balance related to neuropathology secondary to aging, diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), and traumatic brain injury, such as concussion. METHODS: We examined the neural correlations during muscle activation related to quiet standing from the intermuscular coherence in different neural frequency bands. Electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from six healthy participants (fs = 1,200 Hz for 30 s) from three different muscles bilateral…

Progressive white matter degeneration in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.

PURPOSE: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar atrophy. However, studies to elucidate the longitudinal progression of the neuropathology are limited. We sought to identify brain macrostructural and microstructural alterations in patients with SCA2 using fixel-based analysis (FBA) to better understand its distribution patterns and progression. METHODS: We enrolled 9 patients with SCA2 and 16 age- and gender-matched controls. Longitudinal clinical and imaging data were collected at baseline, and 3.5 years later. Fiber densit…

Altered beta band spatial-temporal interactions during negative emotional processing in major depressive disorder: An MEG study.

BACKGROUND: The mood-concordance bias is a key feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), but the spatiotemporal neural activity associated with emotional processing in MDD remains unclear. Understanding the dysregulated connectivity patterns during emotional processing and their relationship with clinical symptoms could provide insights into MDD neuropathology. METHODS: We enrolled 108 MDD patients and 64 healthy controls (HCs) who performed an emotion recognition task during magnetoencephalography recording. Network-based statistics (NBS) was used to analyze whole-brain functional connecti…

Altered brain regional homogeneity is associated with cognitive dysfunction in first-episode drug-naive major depressive disorder: A resting-state fMRI study.

BACKGROUND: Our study aimed to explore the abnormal spontaneous brain activity by regional homogeneity (ReHo) and its association with cognitive function to understand the neuropathology of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: ReHo was used to investigate brain activities of 60 patients with first-episode drug-naive MDD and 60 healthy controls (HCs). Partial correlation analysis was conducted on altered ReHo values and the severity of symptoms and cognitive deficits. Moreover, support vector machine analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of abnormal ReHo values in distinguishing pati…

Loss of Tyro3 causes anxiety-relevant behavioural changes in female mice.

White-matter brain abnormalities have been found across a variety of psychiatric disorders. The extent of white matter pathology is proposed to be predictive of the severity of anxiety disorders. However, it is still unknown whether disruptions of white matter integrity precede, and are sufficient to give rise to, the behavioural symptoms. Interestingly, mood disturbances feature prominently in central demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. It is unclear whether the greater frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms is linked to underlying neuropathology. In this study, we characterise…