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In silico inference of inclusion membrane protein family in obligate intracellular parasites chlamydiae.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that proliferate only inside a vacuole, called an inclusion. Chlamydial Inc proteins are known to be a major component of the inclusion membrane, but little is known about the gene number and function. The Inc proteins share very low sequence similarity but a similar hydropathy profile among them. Using the hydropathy profile, we computationally searched the open reading frames (ORFs) having a similar profile and predicted 90 and 36 ORFs (Inc-like ORFs) as candidates for Inc proteins in Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 and Chlamydia trachomatis serovar

Danger signals, inflammasomes, and the intricate intracellular lives of chlamydiae.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, and as such are sensitive to alterations in the cellular physiology of their hosts. Chlamydial infections often cause pathologic consequences due to prolonged localized inflammation. Considerable advances have been made in the last few years regarding our understanding of how two key inflammation-associated signaling pathways influence the biology of Chlamydia infections: inflammation regulating purinergic signaling pathways significantly impact intracellular chlamydial development, and inflammasome activation modulates both chlamydial

Isolation of Neisseria ovis and a Colesiota conjunctivae-like organism from cases of kerato-conjunctivitis in reindeer in northern Norway.

Eye inflammation in reindeer seems to be a condition frequently observed in many reindeer herding areas. Bergmann (1912) reported outbreaks of the condition in Scandinavia already at the beginning of this century, and it spread like a contagious disease. The aetiology seems to be complex, as Bergmann found many different kinds of bacteria in his material. In a recent publication, Rehbinder (1970) reported the occurrence of larvae of the reindeer nostril fly (Cephenomyia trompe) in affected eyes. In Norway, eye inflammation in reindeer has also been observed, although outbreaks of the disease s

Chlamydia suis undergoes interclade recombination promoting Tet-island exchange.

BACKGROUND: The obligate intracellular bacterial family Chlamydiaceae comprises a number of different species that cause disease in various vertebrate hosts including humans. Chlamydia suis, primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, is the only species of the Chlamydiaceae family to have naturally gained tetracycline resistance (TetR), through a genomic island (Tet-island), integrated into the middle of chromosomal invasin-like gene inv. Previous studies have hypothesised that the uptake of the Tet-island from a host outside the Chlamydiaceae family was a unique event, followed by…

Occurrence of Chlamydiae in Corvids in Northeast Italy.

Chlamydiaceae occurrence has been largely evaluated in wildlife, showing that wild birds are efficient reservoirs for avian chlamydiosis. In this study, DNA extracted from cloacal swabs of 108 corvids from Northeast Italy was screened for Chlamydiaceae by 23S real-time (rt)PCR. The positive samples were characterised by specific rtPCRs for Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia pecorum and Chlamydia suis. Cloacal shedding of Chlamydiaceae was detected in 12 out of 108 (11.1%, 5.9%-18.6% 95% CI) corvids sampled. Molecular characterisation at the …

Вклад температуры, интенсивности воздействия и видимого света в ингибиционное воздействие облучения на острую хламидиальную инфекцию.

Водофильтрованная инфракрасная А (ВИРА) — излучение с диапазоном от 780 до 1400 нм. Хламидиацеаэ обязывают к внутриклеточным бактериям, связанным с различными заболеваниями как у животных, так и у людей. Недавнее исследование in vitro показало, что WIRA в сочетании с видимым светом (wIRA/VIS) обладает потенциалом в качестве нехимического метода лечения хламидиальных инфекций без ущерба для жизнеспособности клеток. Цель этого исследования заключалась в изучении воздействия различных факторов на воздействие ВИРА/ВИС на острую хламидиальную инфекцию, а именно воздействия температуры, интенсивност

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) is radiation with a spectrum ranging from 780 to 1400 nm. Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria associated with various diseases in both animals and humans. A recent in vitro study demonstrated that wIRA combined with visible light (wIRA/VIS) has potential as a non-chemical method for the treatment of chlamydial i…

Chlamydophila abortus pelvic inflammatory disease.

We report the first documented case of an extragestational infection with Chlamydophila abortus in humans. The pathogen was identified in a patient with severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) by sequence analysis of the ompA gene. Our findings raise the possibility that Chlamydiaceae other than Chlamydia trachomatis are involved in PID.

Falcons From the United Arab Emirates Infected With Chlamydia psittaci/C abortus Intermediates Specified as Chlamydia buteonis by Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria with a broad host range. Several studies have found chlamydial species that are genetically intermediate between Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus in various avian species. One of these intermediate Chlamydia species, found in a red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), was recently classified as a new species Chlamydia buteonis. This newly described Chlamydia species has, so far, only been reported in hawks exhibiting clinical signs of conjunctivitis, dyspnea, and diarrhea. In the present study, fecal samples of 5 gyrfalcons (Falco rusticol…

New and emerging chlamydial infections of creatures great and small.

Until recently, our knowledge of the host range and diversity of members of the Chlamydiaceae, obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans and animals, was thought to be nearly complete. Aided by advances in molecular diagnostics, a new picture is emerging, however, that the host barriers may be looser than previously thought for many chlamydial species. While cross-host transmission of chlamydial species is a concern for animal health, new reports highlight an emerging zoonotic risk for several species associated with intensification of farming and the widespread popularity of compan…

Prevalence and molecular characterization of C. pecorum detected in Swiss fattening pigs.

Chlamydia (C.) pecorum, an obligate intracellular bacterial species commonly found in ruminants, can also occur in pigs. However, its signif … ies-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) and compared these results to already existing DNA-microarray and Chlamydiaceae qPCR data. Overall, C. suis and Chlamydiaceae copy numbers decreased in the course of the fattening period, whereas C. pecorum copy numbers increased. No association was found between clinical signs (conjunctivitis, lameness and diarrhea) and the ba …

Therapeutic approaches to Chlamydia infections.

Chlamydia trachomatis ocular and urogenital infections represent major public health problems, whereas Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a common aetiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia. The obligate intracellular lifestyle of these established pathogens poses challenges to both their diagnosis and treatment. Tetracyclines, macrolides and quinolones remain the antimicrobials of choice for the treatment of infections due to Chlamydiaceae.

Detection of Chlamydia species in 2 cases of equine abortion in Switzerland: a retrospective study from 2000 to 2018.

Species of genus Chlamydia are important pathogens of animals, with a worldwide distribution and broad host range. Some species, such as Chlamydia psittaci, also pose a zoonotic disease risk. Abortion is one of the many diseases that has been associated with chlamydial infections in animals, with most attention focused on the economic impacts to sheep production. The role of chlamydia in equine abortions is unknown. Using the family-specific 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Chlamydiaceae real-time PCR, we tested 169 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal membrane samples from 162 equine abortion case…

Survey of infectious etiologies of bovine abortion during mid- to late gestation in dairy herds.

Bovine abortion of unknown infectious etiology still remains a major economic problem. Thus, we investigated whether Brucella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Coxiella burnetii are associated with abortion and/or stillbirth in Tunisian dairy cattle. Using a pan-Chlamydiales PCR, we also investigated the role of Chlamydiaceae, Waddlia chondrophila, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and other members of the Chlamydiales order in this setting. Veterinary samples taken from mid to late-term abortions from twenty dairy herds were tested. From a total of 150 abortion c…

Isolation of a new chlamydial agent from infected domestic poultry coincided with cases of atypical pneumonia among slaughterhouse workers in France.

Three cases of atypical pneumonia in individuals working at a poultry slaughterhouse prompted an epidemiological survey in 10 poultry farms that had supplied birds. Using a Chlamydiaceae-specific real-time PCR assay, chlamydial agents were detected in 14 of 25 investigated flocks. Rather unexpectedly, Chlamydophila psittaci was identified only in one of the positive flocks, whereas ArrayTube DNA microarray testing indicated the presence of a new, so far unclassified member of the genus Chlamydophila. For further characterization of the agent involved, positive cloacal swabs were used to inocul…

Avian Chlamydia abortus Strains Detected in Galápagos Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata).

Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi), and Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) are among the most vulnerable species to natural and anthropogenic factors in the Galápagos Islands. In 2017, a dedicated study was conducted to detect Chlamydiaceae on cloacal swabs collected from 59 albatrosses, 68 penguins, and 10 cormorants in different islands and sites in the Galápagos Archipelago. A real-time PCR method targeting the conserved 23S ribosomal RNA gene of the Chlamydiaceae family detected the presence of the bacterium only in albatrosses from …

The Impact of Lateral Gene Transfer in Chlamydia.

Lateral gene transfer (LGT) facilitates many processes in bacterial ecology and pathogenesis, especially regarding pathogen evolution and the spread of antibiotic resistance across species. The obligate intracellular chlamydiae, which cause a range of diseases in humans and animals, were historically thought to be highly deficient in this process. However, research over the past few decades has demonstrated that this was not the case. The first reports of homologous recombination in the Chlamydiaceae family were published in the early 1990s. Later, the advent of whole-genome sequencing uncover…

Chlamydial species among wild birds and livestock in the foothills of Mt. Afadjato, Ghana.

The members of family Chlamydiaceae have a broad host range and cause many kinds of diseases in humans and animals. Several cases of Chlamydiaceae being detected in atypical hosts have been reported recently. Consequently, cross-species monitoring of Chlamydia in wildlife and livestock is pertinent for public health, animal hygiene and wildlife conservation. In this study, we conducted molecular surveillance of Chlamydia in wild birds and livestock around a small village in the foothills of Mt. Afadjato, Ghana where direct contact between wildlife and livestock occurs. Among 29 captured wild b…

Frequency of spontaneous mutations that confer antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia spp.

Mutations in rRNA genes (rrn) that confer resistance to ribosomal inhibitors are typically recessive or weakly codominant and have been mostly reported for clinical strains of pathogens possessing only one or two rrn operons, such as Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium spp. An analysis of the genome sequences of several members of the Chlamydiaceae revealed that these obligate intracellular bacteria harbor only one or two sets of rRNA genes. To study the contribution of rRNA mutations to the emergence of drug resistance in the Chlamydiaceae, we used the sensitivities of Chlamydia trachomatis…

wIRA: hyperthermia as a treatment option for intracellular bacteria, with special focus on Chlamydiae and Mycobacteria.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the last century is alarming and calls for alternative, nonchemical treatment strategies. Thermal medicine uses heat for the treatment of infectious diseases but its use in facultative and obligate intracellular bacteria remains poorly studied. In this review, we summarize previous research on reducing the infectious burden of Mycobacterium ulcerans and Chlamydia trachomatis by using water-filtered infrared A-radiation (wIRA), a special form of heat radiation with high tissue penetration and low thermal load on the skin surface. Mycobacterium u

A review of zoonotic chlamydiae species in Africa: assessing their burden and potential impact through One Health perspective.

Chlamydia species, a group of obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria, affect humans, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife, with infections ranging from asymptomatic to severe depending on host species and strain. Diagnosis can be difficult due to mild lesions or co-infections. Because Chlamydiaceae infect multiple hosts, a One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health is essential for effective control and prevention. C. trachomatis remains endemic in many regions, while Chlamydia pneumoniae is implicated in community-acquired pneumonia. C. abortus threa…