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Chemometric analysis of Hymenoptera toxins and defensins: A model for predicting the biological activity of novel peptides from venoms and hemolymph.

When searching for prospective novel peptides, it is difficult to determine the biological activity of a peptide based only on its sequence. The "trial and error" approach is generally laborious, expensive and time consuming due to the large number of different experimental setups required to cover a reasonable number of biological assays. To simulate a virtual model for Hymenoptera insects, 166 peptides were selected from the venoms and hemolymphs of wasps, bees and ants and applied to a mathematical model of multivariate analysis, with nine different chemometric components: GRAVY, aliphatici…

Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii in saliva, hemolymph and triturated tissues of infected Dermacentor andersoni ticks by polymerase chain reaction.

The technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is potentially superior to existing methods for detecting rickettsial infections in ticks. … assayed. Using techniques described in this study, we reliably amplified the predicted product from hemolymph, saliva and ground leg tissue samples from live, partially fed, infected ticks. Samples derived from infected ticks preserved in 70% ethanol also were suitable for amplification by PCR. Similar assays performed with infected ticks preserved in 5% bu …

Sericin Ser3 Ectopic Expressed in Posterior Silk Gland Affects Hemolymph Immune Melanization Response via Reducing Melanin Synthesis in Silkworm.

The transgenesis of silkworms is an important way to innovate genetic resources and silk function. However, the silk-gland (SG) of transgenic silkworms, which is the most concerned target tissue of sericulture, often suffers from low vitality, stunting and other problems, and the reasons are still unknown. This study trans engineered recombinant Ser3, a middle silk gland (MSG) specific expression gene, in the posterior silk gland (PSG) of the silkworm, and studied hemolymph immune melanization response changes in mutant pure line SER (Ser3+/+). The results showed that although the mutant had n…

Ion channel modulation by scorpion hemolymph and its defensin ingredients highlights origin of neurotoxins in telson formed in Paleozoic scorpions.

An increasing number of scorpion fossils indicate that the venomous telson developed from the sharp telson in sea scorpions into the extant scorpion-like telson in aquatic scorpions in the Paleozoic Era and then further evolved into the fetal venom system. This hypothesis led us to evaluate the inhibition of scorpion venom-sensitive potassium channels by hemolymph from the scorpion Mesobuthus martensii. Scorpion hemolymph diluted 1:10 inhibited Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3 and SK3 potassium channel currents by 76.4%, 90.2%, 85.8%, and 52.8%, respectively. These discoveries encouraged us to investigate …

Clearance of schistosome parasites by resistant genotypes at a single genomic region in Biomphalaria glabrata snails involves cellular components of the hemolymph.

Schistosomiasis is one of the most detrimental neglected tropical diseases. Controlling the spread of this parasitic illness requires effect … thin the first 24-48 h, and that this resistance can be transferred to susceptible snails via whole hemolymph but not cell-free plasma. These findings imply that Guadeloupe resistance complex-coded proteins help to coordinate hemocyte-mediated immune responses to schistosome infections in Guadeloupean snails.

Manduca sexta hemolymph protease-2 (HP2) activated by HP14 generates prophenoloxidase-activating protease-2 (PAP2) in wandering larvae and pupae.

Melanization is a universal defense mechanism of insects against microbial infection. During this response, phenoloxidase (PO) is activated from its precursor by prophenoloxidase activating protease (PAP), the terminal enzyme of a serine protease (SP) cascade. In the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, hemolymph protease-14 (HP14) is autoactivated from proHP14 to initiate the protease cascade after host proteins recognize invading pathogens. HP14, HP21, proHP1*, HP6, HP8, PAP1-3, and non-catalytic serine protease homologs (SPH1 and SPH2) constitute a portion of the extracellular SP-SPH system to m…

Ca2+ levels in Daphnia hemolymph may explain occurrences of daphniid species along recent Ca gradients in Canadian soft-water lakes.

Calcium levels are declining in eastern North American and western European lakes. This widespread issue is affecting the composition of cru … to occur in lakes with relatively more Ca. In the laboratory, D. ambigua maintained lower levels of hemolymph Ca2+ across a range of low Ca levels (0.7 to 7 mg l-1) compared with D. pulicaria. The hemolymph pH remained steady across this Ca gradient in D. ambigua while it was significantly more acidic in D. pulicaria in the two lowest Ca treatments. While C …

Integrated metabolomics and flow cytometry assessment reveals immune-metabolic modulation of Crassostrea (=Magallana) gigas hemolymph under hypoxic and elevated temperature conditions.

Marine bivalves generally exhibit high tolerance to hypoxia; however, their adaptive capacity can be compromised when hypoxic conditions are … aphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics approach was used to assess the metabolic modulation of hemolymph to hypoxia and thermal stress. Additionally, hemocyte phenotypic parameters, including total hemocyte count (THC), hemocyte mortality, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, and oxidative capacity, were evaluated using flow cytometry. Metabolom …

CNS serotonin content mediating food deprivation-enhanced learning is regulated by hemolymph tryptophan concentration and autophagic flux in the pond snail.

Nutritional status affects cognitive function in many types of organisms. In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, 1 day of food deprivation enhances taste aversion learning ability by decreasing the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin; 5-HT) content in the central nervous system (CNS). On the other hand, after 5 days of food deprivation, learning ability and the CNS 5-HT concentration return to basal levels. How food deprivation leads to alterations of 5-HT levels in the CNS, however, is unknown. Here, we measured the concentration of the 5-HT precursor tryptophan in the hemolymph and CNS, and demonstr…

Elevated seawater levels of CO(2) change the metabolic fingerprint of tissues and hemolymph from the green shore crab Carcinus maenas.

Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) acts as a weak acid in water and the increasing level of CO(2) in the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification. In addition, possible leakage from sub-seabed storage of anthropogenic CO(2) may pose a threat to the marine environment. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was applied to extracts of hemolymph, gills and leg muscle from shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) to examine the metabolic response to elevated levels of CO(2). Crabs were exposed to different levels of CO(2)-acidified seawater with pH(NBS) 7.4, 6.6 and 6.3 (pCO(2)~2600, 16,000 and 30,000 μatm, respectively) for two weeks (l…

Identification of an Outbreak of Bivalve Transmissible Neoplasia in Soft-Shell Clams (Mya arenaria) in the Puget Sound Using Hemolymph and eDNA Surveys.

Bivalve transmissible neoplasia (BTN) is one of three known types of naturally transmissible cancer-cancers in which the whole cancer cells move from individual to individual, spreading through natural populations. BTN is a lethal leukemia-like cancer that has been observed throughout soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) populations on the east coast of North America, with two distinct sublineages circulating at low enzootic levels in New England, USA, and Prince Edward Island, Canada. Major cancer outbreaks likely due to Mya arenaria BTN (MarBTN) were reported in 1980s and the 2000s and the disease

Ультраструктурная локализация гемолимфа-лектина в гемоцитах и других тканях твердого клеща Иксодеса (Acari; Chelicerata).

Было предложено, чтобы Лектины функционировали как молекулы распознавания образов в беспозвоночных иммунных механизмах. Был описан лектин из гемолимифы клеща Иксодеса рицинуса с основной спецификой для сиальной кислоты, и были подготовлены антитела, направленные против этого лектина. В этом исследовании эти антитела использовались для локализации лектина в тканях я. рицина. Иммунореактивность с поли- и моноколональными антителами была обнаружена в гранулах обоих типов гемоцитов, на мембране гемоцитов и в базальском ламинае, окружающем гемоколь. Кроме того, были помечены клетки, прикрепленные к

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Lectins have been suggested to function as pattern-recognition molecules in invertebrate immune mechanisms. A lectin from the hemolymph of the tick Ixodes ricinus with main specificity for sialic acid was characterized and antibodies directed against this lectin were prepared. In this study, these antibodies were used to localize the lectin in the tissues of…

Integrated biomarker response-based investigation of oxidative stress in Hemolymph, gills, and digestive glands of freshwater mussels (Unio delicatus) exposed to Etoxazole.

Pesticides extensively used in agriculture pose risks to non-target aquatic organisms. This study assessed the acute and sublethal effects of etoxazole (ETX), an isoxazoline-derived acaricide, on the freshwater mussel Unio delicatus. The 96 h LC₅₀ was calculated as 463.97 mg/L (316.29-662.47 mg/L, 95 % CI). Mussels were exposed to sublethal ETX concentrations for 96 h and 7 days. Total hemocyte counts (THCs), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured in hemolymph. In this study, elevated total hemocyte counts (THCs) indicated activation of cellular immune res…

Innate immunity in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi developing soft tunic syndrome: Hemolymph can eliminate the causative flagellates and discriminate allogeneic hemocytes.

The infection of the kinetoplastid flagellate Azumiobodo hoyamushi causes soft tunic syndrome that often results in mass mortality in the aquaculture of the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. In the diseased ascidian individuals, the flagellates are exclusively found in the tunic matrix that entirely cover the epidermis, and never invade into internal tissues, such as a mantle. The present study for the first time demonstrated that the ascidian blood plasma and hemolymph have an activity to agglutinate and disintegrate the flagellates, suggesting the innate immunity protects the internal tis…

Heat shock proteins (HSP 90, 70, 60, and 27) in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) hemolymph are affected by infection with Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales).

Invertebrates are becoming more popular models for research on the immune system. The innate immunity possessed by insects shows both struct … (HSPs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether infection by C. coronatus in G. mellonella hemolymph is accompanied by an increase of HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and HSP27. Larvae (five-day-old last instar) were exposed for 24 hours to fully-grown and sporulating fungus. Hemolymph was collected either immediately after termination of exposure (F24) or 24 h …

The effect of pyriproxyfen on the concentration of circulating metabolic fuel molecules and chemical elements in the hemolymph of Acraea horta L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): A quantitative analysis.

Many pollinating insects expand their niche to adjacent agricultural areas and are, therefore, exposed to chemical insecticides. Acraea horta L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a pollinator butterfly widely distributed in the Southern African region. The objectives of this work were to evaluate carbohydrate, lipid and chemical elements in the hemolymph of A. horta exposed to pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog (JHA). Last instar larvae (L6: day 1 or day 2) were topically exposed to an aqueous solution of pyriproxyfen (100 μg of the active ingredient per insect) or to diluent (control group).…

Synthesis of new uracil-5-sulfonamide derivatives and immunostimulatory effect of a chemically modified hemolymph of Biomphalaria alexandrina on Schistosoma mansoni infected mice.

Some N-p-substituted phenyl uracil-5-sulphonamide derivatives have been synthesized to be evaluated as molluscicides against Biomphalanaria alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Schistosoma mansoni infected mice were treated with hemolymph obtained from pre-treated Biomphalana alexandrina snails with the products 4a, 10a, 10b and 4b or obtained from non-treated snails. The selection of the concentration based on the predetermined dose which caused mortality of less than 50% of snails/24 h. LC50 of compounds 4a, 10a, 10b and 4b was 50, 100, 200 and 50 ppm respectivel…

A study of steady state and kinetic regulation of chloride ion and osmotic pressure in hemolymph of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, exposed to tri-n-butyltin.

Two sets of experiments were made to determine if bis(tri-n-butyl)tin oxide (TBT) [IUPAC: hexabutyldistannoxane] influenced osmotic pressure or chloride ion concentration in hemolymph of adult American oysters, Crassostrea virginica. In the first set, oysters were acclimated to 5, 25 or 40%;, then exposed to bis(tri-n-butyl)tin oxide dissolved in seawater (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 micrograms/L) for 11 days. Measurements of the total osmotic pressure and chloride ion concentration in hemolymph indicated that mean values of neither was significantly affected under steady state conditions. Oysters exposed…

Efficacy of a Hemolymph-Based Cream Derived from Lucilia sericata Larvae in Treating Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study in BALB/c Mice.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease with limited therapeutic options due to drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and prolonged treatment duration associated with pentavalent antimonials such as meglumine antimoniate (MAT). Lucilia sericata larvae produce hemolymph containing bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, suggesting potential as an alternative or adjunct therapy for CL. METHODS: Hemolymph was extracted from sterile third-instar L. sericata larvae and characterized using SDS-PAGE and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography…

Laboratory larval exposure to mixed-size polystyrene micro/nanoplastics disrupts lipid metabolism and reshapes the hemolymph metabolome and gut microbiota of adult honeybee workers.

Micro/nanoplastics are pervasive contaminants in terrestrial ecosystems, yet their developmental toxicity to pollinators remains insufficiently understood. Here, worker larvae of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) were orally exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to a mixed-size polystyrene micro/nanoplastic (PS-MNP) system containing 50 nm, 100 nm, and 5 μm particles at a 1:1:1 mass ratio across 1-500 mg/L. Survival was assessed using 48 larvae per group, and adult hemolymph metabolomics and gut microbiome analyses were conducted for adults derived from the 10 mg/L larval exposure group u…