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ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ОТДЕЛАМ В ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗКАХ НЕРВОСТОЧНОЙ ЧИХУАУА, МЕКСИКО.

Согласно оценкам, распространение ортопоксивирусов (ОПСВ) на североамериканском континенте будет широко распространено среди широкого круга млекопитающих на основе исследований в области сероконтроля. Для решения вопроса о том, подвергаются ли карниворы на северо-западе Мексики воздействию естественных циркулирующих OPXV, в 2013 году и весной 2014 года в заповеднике Яноса на северо-западе Чиуауа, Мексика, были собраны дикие плотоносцы, ставшие живыми ловушками в четырех различных типах сред обитания. В общей сложности 51 образец крови был взят для анализа. Проведены анализы иммуноглобулина G,

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The distribution of orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) across the North American continent is suggested to be widespread in a wide range of mammalian hosts on the basis of serosurveillance studies. To address the question of whether carnivores in northwestern Mexico are exposed to naturally circulating OPXVs, wild carnivores were collected by live trapping within four …

Genomic expression libraries for the identification of cross-reactive orthopoxvirus antigens.

Increasing numbers of human cowpox virus infections that are being observed and that particularly affect young non-vaccinated persons have renewed interest in this zoonotic disease. Usually causing a self-limiting local infection, human cowpox can in fact be fatal for immunocompromised individuals. Conventional smallpox vaccination presumably protects an individual from infections with other Orthopoxviruses, including cowpox virus. However, available live vaccines are causing severe adverse reactions especially in individuals with impaired immunity. Because of a decrease in protective immunity…

A review of compounds exhibiting anti-orthopoxvirus activity in animal models.

Several animal models using mice (most frequently), rabbits, or monkeys have been used to identify compounds active against orthopoxvirus infections. The treatment of vaccinia virus infections has been well studied in models involving infection of scarified skin or eyes, or resulting from intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, or intranasal virus inoculation. Cowpox virus has been used in intranasal or aerosol infection studies to evaluate the treatment of lethal respiratory infections. Rabbitpox, monkeypox, and variola viruses have been employed to a lesser extent than the other viruses…

Species-specific differences in the structure of orthopoxvirus complement-binding protein.

Vaccinia virus complement-binding protein (VCP) is secreted from the cells infected with the virus and controls the complement activation reactions. This protein contains four short consensus repeats (SCR), typical of the protein family of complement activation regulators. Organization of the VCP genes/proteins of orthopoxviruses-monkeypox (MPV), variola, cowpox and vaccinia viruses-and their cellular homologues (DAF and C4BP) were studied comparatively. For this purpose, VCP genes of three MPV strains were sequenced. VCP gene sequences of other human-pathogenic orthopoxvirus species and strai…

New chemical agents based on adamantane-monoterpene conjugates against orthopoxvirus infections.

Currently, the spectrum of agents against orthopoxviruses, in particular smallpox, is very narrow. Despite the fact that smallpox is well controlled, there is, for many reasons, a real threat of epidemics associated with this or a similar virus. In order to search for new low molecular weight orthopoxvirus inhibitors, a series of amides combining adamantane and monoterpene moieties were synthesized using 1- and 2-adamantanecarboxylic acids as well as myrtenic, citronellic and camphorsulfonic acids as acid components. The produced compounds exhibited high activity against the vaccinia virus (an…

Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus.

Annotated whole genome sequences of three isolates of the Akhmeta virus (AKMV), a novel species of orthopoxvirus (OPXV), isolated from the Akhmeta and Vani regions of the country Georgia, are presented and discussed. The AKMV genome is similar in genomic content and structure to that of the cowpox virus (CPXV), but a lower sequence identity was found between AKMV and Old World OPXVs than between other known species of Old World OPXVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AKMV diverged prior to other Old World OPXV. AKMV isolates formed a monophyletic clade in the OPXV phylogeny, yet the sequence …

Multivalent mpox protein nanoparticle vaccines confer cross-protection against orthopoxvirus infection.

The outbreak of mpox since 2022 has driven the development of mpox virus (MPXV)-specific, subunit-based, next-generation vaccines, instead o … ese findings highlight the potential of multivalent nanoparticle as vaccines against MPXV and other orthopoxviruses.

CRISPR/Cas9-Advancing Orthopoxvirus Genome Editing for Vaccine and Vector Development.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology is revolutionizing genome editi … genome of Vaccinia virus paves the way for its application in editing other vaccine/vector-relevant orthopoxvirus (OPXV) strains. Thus, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to resolve some of the major hindrances to the development of OPXV-based recombinant vaccines and vectors, including sub-optimal immunogenicity; transgene and genome instability; reversion of attenuation …

Systems biology of the genomes' microsatellite signature of Orthopoxvirus including the Monkeypox virus.

This study is an attempt to extract and analyse the microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from the genomes of eight species of the genus Orthopoxvirus. The average size of genomes included in the study was 205 kb while the GC% was 33% for all but one. A total of 10,584 SSRs and 854 cSSRs were observed. POX2 with the largest genome of 224.499 kb had maximum of 1493 SSRs and 121 cSSRs (compound SSR) while POX7 with the smallest genome of 185.578 kb had minimum incident SSRs and cSSRs at 1181 and 96, respectively. There was significant correlation between genome size and SSR incidence…

Low prevalence of anti-Orthopoxvirus neutralizing antibodies in an urban population of Brazil.

Since 1999, Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been described as a causative agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that occurs mainly in rural areas of Brazil. However, the circulation of VACV in urban environments and its associated burden has been poorly explored. Moreover, the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak has raised questions regarding the immune status of the worldwide population previous vaccinated against smallpox. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional study to better understand the prevalence of anti-OPV neutralizing antibodies (NA) and related exposure factors in a susceptible

Understanding orthopoxvirus host range and evolution: from the enigmatic to the usual suspects.

In general, orthopoxviruses can be considered as falling into one of three host-utilization categories: highly specialized, single-host; broad host range; or 'cryptic', the last encompassing those viruses about which very little is known. Single-host viruses tend to exploit abundant hosts that have consistent patterns of interaction. For these viruses, observed genome reduction and loss of presumptive host-range genes is thought to be a consequence of relaxed selection. In contrast, the large genome size retained among broad host range orthopoxviruses suggests these viruses may depend on multi…

Insufficient Innate Immunity Contributes to the Susceptibility of the Castaneous Mouse to Orthopoxvirus Infection.

The castaneous (CAST) mouse, a wild-derived inbred strain, is highly susceptible to orthopoxvirus infection by intranasal and systemic routes. The 50% lethal intraperitoneal dose of vaccinia virus (VACV) was 3 PFU for CAST mice, whereas BALB/c mice survived 106 PFU. At all times and in all organs analyzed, virus titers were higher in CAST than in BALB/c mice. In individual CAST mice, luciferase-expressing VACV was seen to replicate rapidly leading to death, whereas virus levels increased for a few days and then declined in BALB/c mice. Increases in gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis f…

The master regulator of the cellular stress response (HSF1) is critical for orthopoxvirus infection.

The genus Orthopoxviridae contains a diverse group of human pathogens including monkeypox, smallpox and vaccinia. These viruses are presumed to be less dependent on host functions than other DNA viruses because they have large genomes and replicate in the cytoplasm, but a detailed understanding of the host factors required by orthopoxviruses is lacking. To address this topic, we performed an unbiased, genome-wide pooled RNAi screen targeting over 17,000 human genes to identify the host factors that support orthopoxvirus infection. We used secondary and tertiary assays to validate our screen re…

Orthopoxvirus inhibitors that are active in animal models: an update from 2008 to 2012.

Antiviral agents are being sought as countermeasures for the potential deliberate release of smallpox (variola) and monkeypox viruses, for the treatment of naturally acquired monkeypox virus infections, and as therapy for complications due to smallpox (live-attenuated vaccinia virus) vaccination or accidental infection after exposure to vaccinated persons. Reviews of the scientific literature spanning 1950-2008 have documented the progress made in developing small-animal models of poxvirus infection and identifying novel antiviral agents. Compounds of considerable interest include cidofovir, C

Efficacy of the antipoxvirus compound ST-246 for treatment of severe orthopoxvirus infection.

Efficacy of the new antipoxvirus compound ST-246 was evaluated as treatment of monkeypox (MPX) virus infection in a ground squirrel model of … c changes. These results suggest that ST-246 is a promising candidate for early treatment of severe orthopoxvirus infection.

Surveillance of orthopoxvirus infections, and associated research, in the period after smallpox eradication.

In 1980, the World Health Assembly declared the global eradication of smallpox and recommended the universal discontinuation of smallpox vaccination; nevertheless, it recommended that surveillance and research on orthopoxvirus infections should continue. By early 1982, all except 8 countries in the world had stopped routine vaccination programmes and all except 1 no longer required an international certificate of smallpox vaccination for travellers. Since 1978, as a result of continuing active surveillance, 176 smallpox rumours have been investigated in 60 countries. Two of these concerned the…

Structural polypeptides of Orthopoxvirus: their distribution in various members and location within the virion.

The structural polypeptides of accepted species and recently isolated members of the genus Orthopoxvirus have been examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viruses shared many polypeptides but some differences were found. The viruses could be divided into a vaccinia group (including buffalopox, 'Lenny' and MK-10), an ectromelia group (including elephant virus and Moscow virus), cowpox, camelpox and monkeypox. Minor differences were found in the polypeptides of monkeypox virus strains from human and monkey outbreaks. Controlled degradation of virions showed that the polypeptides …

Salinomycin inhibits orthopoxvirus infection in vitro and in vivo by blocking endosomal acidification.

The recent global spread of monkeypox virus (MPXV) highlights the urgent need for effective antiviral therapies. Through high-throughput screening of an FDA-approved small molecule drug library, we identified salinomycin as a potent inhibitor of orthopoxvirus infection. Salinomycin showed nanomolar anti-MPXV activity in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and lung epithelial cells (A549), with selectivity indices >100. Importantly, its efficacy was validated in primary human fibroblasts, reducing infectious viral titers by ∼2.6 log units (440-fold) versus controls. Mechanistic studies revealed salinom…

Current Strategies for Selecting Recombinant Orthopoxvirus Proteins for Immunobiological and Diagnostic Applications.

Orthopoxviruses are zoonotic DNA viruses of continuing public health importance, as highlighted by recent global mpox outbreaks. The high antigenic similarity among orthopoxviruses enables cross-reactive immune responses but complicates the development of serological diagnostic systems for serosurveillance, assessment of previous exposure, evaluation of vaccine-induced immunity, and species differentiation. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the structure, biological functions, and diagnostic and vaccine potential of major orthopoxvirus recombinant antigens. Particular attentio…

Evaluation of a Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus PCR Assay for the Detection of Mpox Virus Infection.

An epidemic caused by an outbreak of mpox (formerly monkeypox) in May 2022 rapidly spread internationally, requiring an urgent response from the clinical diagnostics community. A detailed description of the clinical validation and implementation of a laboratory-developed real-time PCR test for detecting nonvariola Orthopoxvirus-specific DNA based on the newly designed RealStar Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus assay is presented. The validation was performed using an accuracy panel (n = 97) comprising skin lesion swabs in universal transport media and from mpox virus genomic DNA spiked into pooled mpox v…