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Spermidine promotes lysozyme tolerance and acid stress resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes M3.

Streptococcus pyogenes are Gram-positive opportunistic pathogens residing in the human nasopharynx and skin. Changes in environmental condit … pathogen resist environmental stress. In this study, we investigated the ability of the polyamine, spermidine, to promote acid stress survival of S. pyogenes. S. pyogenes does not synthesize spermidine, but the extracellular pool of spermidine constituted by the host and microbiome could be utilized as a signalling molecule. We report that spermidine promot …

[Roles of exogenous spermidine in improving Salvinia natans tolerance towards cadmium stress].

In this study, the effects of foliar spraying different concentration (0.05-1 mmol L(-1)) spermidine (Spd) on the photosynthetic pigments, soluble protein content, antioxidant system, and mineral nutrition of Salvinia natans leaves under cadmium (Cd) stress were investigated, aimed to approach the action mechanisms of exogenous polyamines (PAs) in improving the adaptability of aquatic plants to heavy metals stress. The results showed that exogenous Spd could markedly mitigate the Cd stress to S. natans. It retarded the chlorosis, with chlorophyll a/b and total chlorophyll content increased by …

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Beneficial Effects of Spermidine in an ALS Mouse Model.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons and skeletal muscle. Gene expression analysis of the spinal cord and gastrocnemius of the SOD1-G93A ALS mouse model revealed a strong increase in inflammatory pathways and, specifically in the ALS gastrocnemius, a decrease in mitochondrial transcription and an increase in ribosomal protein expression. Treatment of ALS mice with the polyamine spermidine (SPD), a promising molecule in combating neurodegeneration and muscle atrophy, is able to partially restore the expressi…

Exogenous spermidine (Spd) improves the tolerance to alkaline-salt stress in potato.

BACKGROUND: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's fourth most important staple crop, but its production is increasingly threatened by soil salinization, particularly alkaline-salt stress caused by excessive NaHCO3. Although exogenous spermidine (Spd) has been reported to alleviate abiotic stresses in various plants, its physiological and molecular mechanisms in conferring alkaline-salt tolerance in potato remain largely unknown. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that exogenous Spd enhances alkaline-salt tolerance in potato by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and maintaining osm…

Inhibitory effects of spermidine on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells.

Spermidine (SPD) is a naturally occurring polyamine with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Given the pivotal role of macrophages in inflammatory pathogenesis (such as rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune encephalomyelitis), the present study hypothesized that SPD exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing macrophage polarization. Briefly, RAW 264.7 cells were activated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and were treated with a vehicle control (complete DMEM) or varying SPD concentrations. The ratio of M1 and M2 macrophages in each group was determined using flow cytometry. Infl…

Association of spermidine plasma levels with brain aging in a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: Supplementation with spermidine may support healthy aging, but elevated spermidine tissue levels were shown to be an indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Data from 659 participants (age range: 21-81 years) of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania TREND were included. We investigated the association between spermidine plasma levels and markers of brain aging (hippocampal volume, AD score, global cortical thickness [CT], and white matter hyperintensities [WMH]). RESULTS: Higher spermidine levels were significantly associated with lower hippocampal volume (ß…

Metabolites Involved in Immune Evasion by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Include the Polyamine Spermidine.

Amphibians have been declining around the world for more than four decades. One recognized driver of these declines is the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes the disease chytridiomycosis. Amphibians have complex and varied immune defenses against B. dendrobatidis, but the fungus also has a number of counterdefenses. Previously, we identified two small molecules produced by the fungus that inhibit frog lymphocyte proliferation, methylthioadenosine (MTA) and kynurenine (KYN). Here, we report on the isolation and identification of the polyamine spermidine (SPD) as another…

Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase-1 as a diagnostic biomarker in human cancer.

AimSSAT-1 is an enzyme that plays a critical role in cell growth. Amantadine, a FDA-approved antiviral drug, is a substrate for SSAT-1. The utility of amantadine as an agent to demonstrate elevated SSAT-1 activity linked to cancer was conducted.ResultsHigh levels of SSAT-1 expression were measured in tumor human cell lines, and in breast, prostate and lung tumor tissue. An increase in the urinary levels of acetylated amantadine in cancer patients was observed.ConclusionIncreases in SSAT-1 contents in tumor tissue could be of value in targeting cancers with high SSAT-1 expression for confirmati

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… Metab. 294 6 E995 E1010 2008 18349109 10.1152/ajpendo.90217.2008 •• An excellent and comprehensive review of the cellular function of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase (SSAT). 5 Babbar N Hacker A Huang Y Casero RA Tumor necrosis factor α induces spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase through … in the conversion of spermidine into putrescine J. …

Synthesis and evaluation of novel spermidine derivatives as targeted cancer chemotherapeutic agents.

The utility of the spermidine moiety as the homing device for the selective delivery of chemotherapeutic and diagnostic agents into cancer cells was explored. Two spermidine analogs containing a cytotoxic agent were synthesized, N-[3,4-bis(benzyloxy)phenethyl]-N alpha-(3-amino-propyl)-L-ornithinamide trihydrochloride, 1a and N-[4-]bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenethyl]-N alpha-(3-aminopropyl)-L- ornithinamide tetrahydrochloride, 1b. These compounds were prepared from the fully protected spermidine molecule with a carboxyl group side chain, 8. The ability of the polyamine cytotoxic agents to inhibi…

Spermidine Alleviates Liver Damage Induced by Iron Overload by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress.

Liver diseases are usually accompanied by the occurrence of oxidative stress, and imbalance in hepatic iron homeostasis is a key factor leading to hepatic oxidative stress. Spermidine, as a natural antioxidant, whether it can alleviate the oxidative stress caused by iron homeostasis imbalance remains unclear. This study examined whether spermidine could mitigate iron overload in the liver induced by dextran iron. The results indicate that liver damage caused by iron overload includes disruption of the lobular structure, proliferation of Kupffer cells, and substantial iron deposition (P < 0.001…

Effect of spermidine on radiation-induced long-term bone marrow cell injury.

OBJECTIVE: Spermidine, a natural polyamine, possesses anti-oxidant, autophagy-regulation, and anti-aging properties. Elevated levels of oxidative stress, which was mediated the senescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) induced by radiation exposure, may further contribute to long-term myelosuppression. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effect of spermidine on the long-term damage of the hematopoietic system caused by radiation exposure. METHODS: In vitro experiments, bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) of C57BL/6 mice were isolated and incubated with 5 mM spermidine for…

Protective Effects of Spermidine Against Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy in Bile Duct-Ligated Rats.

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a critical factor that causes morbidity and mortality in crucial conditions such as liver transplantation. In animal model, the common pathophysiologic mechanisms of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy are similar to those associated with bile duct ligation (BDL). Overproduction of inflammatory and oxidant markers plays a crucial role in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Spermidine, a multifunctional polyamine, is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of spermidine on development of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in BDL rats. Rat…

Spermine and spermidine mediate protection against oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide.

The polyamines spermidine and spermine have been hypothesized to possess different functions in the protection of DNA from reactive oxygen species. The growth and survival of mouse fibroblasts unable to synthesize spermine were compared to their normal counterparts in their native and polyamine-depleted states in response to oxidative stress. The results of these studies suggest that when present at normal or supraphysiological concentrations, either spermidine or spermine can protect cells from reactive oxygen species. However, when polyamine pools are pharmacologically manipulated to produce…

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of synthetic oligonucleotides using 2-propanol and spermidine.

Oligonucleotides have become widely used tools in molecular biology and molecular diagnostics. Their parallel synthesis in large numbers and the increasing interest in microarray technology has raised the requirement for fast and informative analytical tools for their quality control. A direct injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique based on the use of aqueous 2-propanol as running eluent, and spermidine (or triethylamine) as DNA modifiers, has been applied to analyze a large set of samples (about 200 synthetic oligonucleotides) ranging from 5 to 15 kDa (17-51mer…

Spermidine improve high copper diet-induced intestinal oxidative stress and microbiota community composition.

High copper diet intake detriment animal health and livestock profitability. As a key polyamine, spermidine modulates critical physiological processes, include regulating autophagy and oxidative stress. However, the effect of spermidine in mitigating intestinal oxidative stress triggered by high copper diet has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, eight-week male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal diet or a high-copper diet, supplemented with spermidine through water alone or in combination. The intestinal morphology was analyzed using HE staining, intestinal index, antioxidant capac…

Polyamine metabolite spermidine rejuvenates oocyte quality by enhancing mitophagy during female reproductive aging.

Advanced age is a primary risk factor for female infertility due to reduced ovarian reserve and declining oocyte quality. However, as an important contributing factor, the role of metabolic regulation during reproductive aging is poorly understood. Here, we applied untargeted metabolomics to identify spermidine as a critical metabolite in ovaries to protect oocytes against aging. In particular, we found that the spermidine level was reduced in ovaries of aged mice and that supplementation with spermidine promoted follicle development, oocyte maturation, early embryonic development and female f…

Spermidine reduced neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats.

Neuropathic pain is one of the most critical types of chronic pain despite the increasing advances in medical science. Spermidine (SPD) is a natural polyamine that has wide roles in several cellular processes inducing autophagy and reducing oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SPD on oxidative stress markers and pain threshold in the neuropathic rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Eighteen adult male rats were divided into three groups: sham, CCI and CCI+SPD. After induction of neuropathy via CCI model in the CCI and CCI+SPD groups, SPD (1 mg/kg/da…

Synthesis of Self-Assembled Spermidine-Carbon Quantum Dots Effective against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.

This study reports a two-step method to synthesize spermidine-capped fluorescent carbon quantum dots (Spd-CQDs) and their potential application as an antibacterial agent. Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are synthesized by pyrolysis of ammonium citrate in the solid state and then modified with spermidine by a simple heating treatment without a coupling agent. Spermidine, a naturally occurring polyamine, binds with DNA, lipids, and proteins involved in many important processes within organisms such as DNA stability, and cell growth, proliferation, and death. The antimicrobial activity of …

Differential effect of lithium on spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase expression in suicidal behaviour.

An altered polyamine system has been suggested to play a key role in mood disorders and suicide, a hypothesis corroborated by the evidence that lithium inhibits the polyamine mediated stress response in the rat brain. Recent post-mortem studies have shown that spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1), the key regulator of cellular polyamine content, is under-expressed in brains from suicide victims compared to controls. In our study we tested the effect of in vitro lithium treatment on SAT1 gene and protein expression in B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCLs) from bipolar disorder (BD) pat…