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Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: from clinical neurology to basic neuroscience and back.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor and nonmotor (cognitive and limbic) deficits. The motor signs of PD include hypokinetic signs such as akinesia/bradykinesia, rigidity and loss of normal postural reflexes, and hyperkinetic signs such as tremor. Dopamine depletion in the striatum is the hallmark of PD and of its animal models, still the pathophysiology of the parkinsonian symptoms and especially of parkinsonian tremor are under debate. The most extreme hypotheses argue about peripheral versus central nervous system origin, intrinsic cellular oscillator versus network oscillator

Developmental dyslexia and animal studies: at the interface between cognition and neurology.

Recent findings in autopsy studies, neuroimaging, and neurophysiology indicate that dyslexia is accompanied by fundamental changes in brain anatomy and physiology, involving several anatomical and physiological stages in the processing stream, which can be attributed to anomalous prenatal and immediately postnatal brain development. Epidemiological evidence in dyslexic families led to the discovery of animal models with immune disease, comparable anatomical changes and learning disorders, which have added needed detail about mechanisms of injury and plasticity to indicate that substantial chan

[Central nervous system changes in infants with HIV infection. Epidemiology and neurology].

The increase of HIV infected population reaching worldwide 10 million of cases leads to a great number of infected women in reproductive age. Finally the perinatally acquired HIV infection has become a great problem. The number of infants with AIDS is estimated at about 160,000. The diagnosis and evaluation of significant clinical symptoms of HIV infection in infants are briefly described in this study. The nervous system being one of targets of HIV infection the neurological manifestation occurring in infants were more extensively discussed. Microencephaly or brain atrophy and psycho-motor de

[Neurosciences and clinical vascular neurology : problems of heterogeneity of ischemic brain damage].

The paper presents the report made at the Second (LXV). Session of the General Meeting of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. It considers the major causes of lesions of the great artery of the head, intracerebral arteries in arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis, as well as cardiogenic embolisms, hemorheological and other disorders of hemostasis to be important risk factors for stroke. The conceptional problems of heterogeneity of ischemic brain lesions are discussed.

Autoantibodies and rheumatic disorders in a neurology inpatient population: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and spectrum of underlying rheumatic diseases, especially Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and the antiphospholipid syndrome, and the prevalence of the lupus anticoagulant, antinuclear antibody (ANA), and rheumatoid factor (RF) within a neurologic patient population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study design entailed a prospective, consecutive sample of patients admitted to a university-affiliated neurology service for 72 hours or more. Study patients were obtained from a sequential evaluation of 100 inpatients with a wide spectrum of neurologic diseases. Another 31 e…

Peripheral neurology as a predictor of bladder dysfunction in congenital neuropathic bladder.

Urodynamic findings and peripheral neurology were correlated in 62 patients with myelomeningocele. The primary motor and sensory levels bore no relation to bladder dysfunction. The ano-cutaneous reflex was a useful predictor, in that where the reflex was positive there was likely to be detrusor hyper-reflexia, a competent bladder neck and absence of sphincter weakness leakage. Where the reflex was absent, detrusor hyper-reflexia was absent or mild, the bladder neck usually incompetent and sphincter weakness leakage common. (Detrusor compliance could not be predicted from peripheral neurologica…

Neurological updates: neurological complications of CAR-T therapy.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells now offer an effective treatment option for people with previously refractory B cell malignancies and are under development for a wide range of other tumours. However, neurological toxicity is a common complication of CAR-T cell therapy, seen in over 50% of recipients in some cohorts. Since 2018, the term immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) has been used to describe and grade neurotoxicity seen after CAR-T cells and other similar therapies. ICANS following CAR-T therapy is usually self-limiting but can necessitate ad

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… As CAR-T therapies enter routine clinical practice, it is important for neurologists to be aware of the nature of neurological complications. … Management of neurotoxicity Supportive management of neurological complications of CAR-T therapy requires close liaison and partnership between haematology, neurology and critical care colleagues. …

The conflicts of Ray Adams and Joe Foley with Abe Baker: The neurology and neuropathology of liver failure (1949-1963) and the founding of the American Academy of Neurology (1948).

This article examines disagreements among three giants of twentieth-century American neurology: Raymond Adams, Joseph Foley, and Abraham Baker. The disagreements Adams and Foley had with Baker concerned two issues: (1) the neurologic and neuropathological manifestations of liver failure with hepatic encephalopathy as expounded from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, and (2) the founding of the American Academy of Neurology in 1948 as an inclusive medical society under the principal leadership of Baker. The conflicts are examined from transcribed meeting debates (1949-1963), salient original pu…

Child Neurology: Neonatal Management of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency: How Early Is Early Enough?

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency is a rare, treatable, autosomal recessive disorder of monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis that typically presents in infancy or early childhood. Despite potential benefits of presymptomatic treatment with levodopa/carbidopa, prenatal or neonatal diagnosis remains extremely rare. We report 2 preterm neonates from unrelated families, both with known family history of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. After early diagnosis, levodopa/carbidopa therapy was initiated during the neonatal period. This proactive approach proved feasible and well tolerated, leading to

Advanced Drug Delivery in Pediatric Neurology: Developmental Barriers, Nanocarrier Strategies, and Translational Challenges.

Treating neurological disorders in children is particularly challenging due to the dynamic maturation of the developing brain, age-dependent pharmacokinetics, and evolving structural and functional properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review explores the latest advances in drug-delivery systems tailored for pediatric neurology, emphasizing strategies to address physiological and developmental determinants of treatment response across infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The paper begins by outlining the distinct challenges of drug delivery in children, focusing on BBB maturation, …