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Intention to register as organ donors: a survey of adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about factors that influence the intention of adolescents to register as organ donors. The identification of such factors has important implications for the development and implementation of educational programs and subsequent donor registration rates. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adolescents with an expressed commitment to becoming organ donor registrants differ significantly from nondonors on sociodemographic characteristics and factors influencing their decision. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred forty-five adolescents visiting a Department of Motor Vehicles office

Feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of laparoscopic versus abdominal hysterectomy for women and healthcare professionals: the LAVA trial qualitative process evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic hysterectomies performed for benign gynaecological conditions are increasing. However, there is a lack of up-to-dat … decision-making processes for LAparoscopic Versus Abdominal hysterectomy participation. Conditional altruism motivated women to participate, alongside the 'relief' of being offered a hysterectomy. The decision to decline participation was influenced by surgical preference and beliefs of laparoscopy having a faster recovery rate. Theme 2 highlighted surgica …

Trauma and humanitarian translation in Liberia: the tale of open mole.

The focus of this paper is the intercultural process through which Open Mole and trauma-related mental illnesses are brought together in the postconflict mental health encounter. In this paper, I explore the historical dimension of this process by reviewing the history of Open Mole, and the ways in which it has been interpreted, acted on, and objectified by external observers over the last half-century. Moving into Liberia's recent war and postconflict period, I examine the process by which Open Mole is transformed from a culture-bound disorder into a local idiom of trauma, and how it has beco

Medicalization as a moral problem for preventative medicine.

Preventive medicine is sometimes criticised as it contributes to medicalization of normal life. The concept 'medicalization' has been introduced by Zola to refer to processes in which the labels 'health' and 'ill' are made relevant for more and more aspects of human life. If preventive medicine contributes to medicalization, would that be morally problematic? My thesis is that such a contribution is indeed morally problematic. The concept is sometimes used to express moral intuitions regarding the practice of prevention and health promotion. Through analysis of these intuitions as well as some

Genetic harm: bitten by the body that keeps you?

... We must attempt to explain, how, if ever, our existence may harm us. To address this and the other questions raised, I propose to examine what constitutes harm and whether it makes sense to say that our genetic makeup may harm us. To do this I will describe three approaches to the problem of describing the status of negative effects our genes have upon us, which I have named the "technical harm" view, the "constitutive" view, and the "harmful conditions" view. On the technical harm view, the standard definitions of harm are applied to genetic disposition in an attempt to couch genetic defe

Predictors of public attitude toward living organ donation in Kano, northern Nigeria.

Organ shortage is a major public health challenge for transplant programs globally. The sustenance of such programs as an effective therapy for end-stage organ failure (ESOF) requires an exploration of public awareness and willingness to donate organs. This is imperative, especially in developing countries where ESOF is highly prevalent. We studied the awareness and predictors of public attitude toward organ donation in Kano city in northern Nigeria. Using interviewer-administered questionnaires, we assessed the awareness and willingness to donate solid organs among 400 adults in the Kano metr

Pediatric neurosurgery during Operation Enduring Freedom.

OBJECT: Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) is the current US military conflict against terrorist elements in Afghanistan. Deepening US involvement in this conflict and increasing coalition casualties prompted the establishment of continuous neurosurgical assets at Craig Joint Theater Hospital (CJTH) at Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, in September 2007. As part of the military's medical mission, children with battlefield-related injuries and, on a selective case-by-case basis, non-war-related pathological conditions are treated at CJTH. METHODS: A prospectively maintained record was created in whi

Mapping historical diaries into knowledge graphs: a multi-granular approach.

PLAIN ENGLISH SUMMARY: There are new ways to engage people with science and research but many patient support groups and charitable organisa … and 75.9% found it "very easy" to ask questions. Free text comments revealed themes of 'hope' and 'altruism'. Researchers also reported benefits from participation such as learning about patient' priorities and networking. Conclusion "Meet the Researchers" provides a unique opportunity for mesothelioma researchers and patients, relatives and carers to int …

Humanitarian cleft care in Southeast Asia: military-civilian partnerships and the role of the US Navy ship Mercy.

The primary mission of the US Navy (USN) is to maintain superior naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, and maintaining freedom of the seas. However, a major core capability of the present-day USN includes the ability to effectively and rapidly provide humanitarian assistance and disaster response whenever the need arises. Occurring annually since 2006, Pacific Partnership is an ongoing USN operation that aims to strengthen regional alliances and improve delivery of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. A major focus of Pacific Partnership 2010 was the delivery of m

Extending multidisciplinary management of cleft palate to the developing world.

The needs of patients with a cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) extend beyond surgical repair. A multidisciplinary approach to the care of patients with CL/P is the widely accepted standard in most regions of the developed world. Patients with CL/P in developing countries have needs similar to those of patients in industrialized nations. However, the existing shortages of healthcare resources have precluded provision of the most basic care to those with a CL/P. Innovative applications of technology can facilitate the delivery of speech therapy, evaluation of audiometric data, and limited dental ev

Proxy decision making in Alzheimer disease research: durable powers of attorney, guardianship, and other alternatives.

Individuals in advanced stages of Alzheimer disease are incapable of giving or refusing legally or ethically valid consent to participation in biomedical and behavioral research protocols. Yet, many research protocols aimed at better treatment of persons with this disease can be conducted usefully only if such individuals are themselves involved as human subjects. This dilemma raises difficult issues of personal autonomy and beneficent motives. This article discusses several potential proxy decision-making mechanisms regarding research participation in light of the relevant legal and ethical c

Diabolical dilemmas of COVID-19: An empirical study into Dutch society's trade-offs between health impacts and other effects of the lockdown.

We report and interpret preferences of a sample of the Dutch adult population for different strategies to end the so-called 'intelligent lockdown' which their government had put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a discrete choice experiment, we invited participants to make a series of choices between policy scenarios aimed at relaxing the lockdown, which were specified not in terms of their nature (e.g. whether or not to allow schools to re-open) but in terms of their effects along seven dimensions. These included health-related effects, but also impacts on the economy, educ

Living kidney donor decision making: state of the science and directions for future research.

BACKGROUND: The Federal government and transplantation organizations have called for further study of living donation at a time when 3 new living donor protocols are being introduced throughout the United States that promise to significantly increase the donor pool and change the face of living donation. Donation to a once incompatible and sometimes unknown recipient may now occur through the use of plasmapheresis therapy or paired and nondirected living donor protocols. OBJECTIVE: To describe the state of the science on living kidney donor decision making, and to provide recommendations for

The Percutaneous shunting in Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (PLUTO) study and randomised controlled trial: evaluation of the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of percutaneous vesicoamniotic shunting for lower urinary tract obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Congenital lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) is a disease associated with high perinatal mortality and childhood morbidity. … dentified visualisation of the fetus during ultrasound scanning, perceiving a personal benefit, and altruism as positive influences on recruitment. Fear of the VAS procedure and the perceived severity of LUTO influenced non-participation. The need for more detailed information about the condition and its implications during pregnancy and following delivery …

Short- and long-term outcomes after valve replacement surgery for rheumatic heart disease in the South Pacific, conducted by a fly-in/fly-out humanitarian surgical team: a 20-year retrospective study for the years 1991 to 2011.

OBJECTIVES: Fiji has one of the highest rates of rheumatic heart disease in the world. Humanitarian fly-in/fly-out surgical teams, including Open Heart International, have been conducting valve replacement surgery in Fiji since 1991. We sought to determine the short- and long-term outcomes of valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease. METHODS: The Open Heart International team performed surgery on 167 patients from 1991 to 2011. Complete follow-up data to death or last evaluation on 149 patients (89.2%) and morbidity data for 152 patients (91%) were extracted from medical records. RESULT

Vaccination and other altruistic medical treatments: should autonomy or communitarianism prevail?

The publication of a report into a case where an organ donor's constraints on the race of potential recipients raises questions about whether respect for autonomy or communitiarianism should prevail in altruistic medical procedures. This article briefly reviews how autonomy and communitarianism are balanced in cadaveric and live organ donation, bone marrow donation, gamete donation, blood donation and vaccination. It criticizes vaccination policy for ostensibly respecting patient autonomy yet in practice compromising that autonomy in various ways. Vaccination is properly viewed as an altruisti

The architect and the bee: some reflections on postmortem pregnancy.

Do physicians have a duty to sustain the pregnancies of women who die during the first or second trimester? Physicians cannot simply assume that the woman would have wished the pregnancy to continue, nor (in the U.S., at any rate) is it clear that the state has any interest in fetal life before viability. The conditions for beneficence-based duties of fetal rescue will often be unmet, both because sustaining the pregnancy is not always a clear gain to the born child and because it may impose a substantial burden on the benefactor. And duties of special relationship cannot readily be applied in

Incivility Is Associated with Burnout and Reduced Compassion Satisfaction: A Mixed-Method Study to Identify Causes of Burnout among Oncology Clinical Research Coordinators.

While oncology clinical research coordinators (CRCs) experience a combination of factors that are thought to put them at increased risk for burnout, very little research has been conducted to understand the risk factors associated with burnout among CRCs. We used a mixed-method approach, including self-report questionnaires to assess burnout and compassion satisfaction, as well as individual and interpersonal variables hypothesized to impact CRC well-being. We also conducted a focus group to gain a more nuanced understanding of coordinators' experiences around burnout, teamwork, resilience, an

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… A previous qualitative study of CRCs found that altruism plays a prominent role in coordinators’ orientation to their roles as well as in their day-to-day function in the interprofessional team [ 13 ]. … Altruism in clinical research: Coordinators’ orientation to their professional roles. Nurs. Outlook. 2012;60:143–148.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2011.10.002. 14. Fisher J.A. …