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Overexpression of a Chitinase Gene from Trichoderma asperellum Increases Disease Resistance in Transgenic Soybean.

In the present study, a chi gene from Trichoderma asperellum, designated Tachi, was cloned and functionally characterized in soybean. Firstly, the effects of sodium thiosulfate on soybean Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation with embryonic tip regeneration system were investigated. The transformation frequency was improved by adding sodium thiosulfate in co-culture medium for three soybean genotypes. Transgenic soybean plants with constitutive expression of Tachi showed increased resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum compared to WT plants. Meanwhile, overexpression of Tachi in soybea

Can medicinal mushrooms have prophylactic or therapeutic effect against COVID-19 and its pneumonic superinfection and complicating inflammation?

Medicinal mushrooms have documented effects against different diseases, including infections and inflammatory disorders. The related Basidiomycota Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE), and Grifola frondosa (GF) have been shown to exert antimicrobial activity against viral agents, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and parasites in vitro and in vivo. Since the mechanism is immunomodulatory and not antibiotical, the mushrooms should be active against multi-drug resistant microbes as well. Moreover, since these Basidiomycota also have anti-inflammatory properties, they may

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… Infection (n = 5) | Mycelium extract incl. … . & adhesion molec. expressio in MΦ & granulocytes | Johnson et al, 2012 | [ 24 ] Mycelium extract incl. …

Identification of two GH18 chitinase family genes and their use as targets for detection of the crayfish-plague oomycete Aphanomyces astaci.

BACKGROUND: The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci is regarded as the causative agent of crayfish plague and represents an evident hazard for Europ … nd threonine-rich domain and a C-terminal cysteine-rich putative chitin-binding site. The A. astaci mycelium grown in a pepton-glucose medium showed significant temporal changes in steady-state CHI2 and CHI3 mRNA amounts indicating functional constraint. Their different temporal occurrence with maxima at 48 and 24 hours of incubation for CHI2 and CHI3, res …

Heterobasidion Partitivirus 13 Mediates Severe Growth Debilitation and Major Alterations in the Gene Expression of a Fungal Forest Pathogen.

The fungal genus Heterobasidion includes some of the most devastating conifer pathogens in the boreal forest region. In this study, we showed that the alphapartitivirus Heterobasidion partitivirus 13 from Heterobasidion annosum (HetPV13-an1) is the main causal agent of severe phenotypic debilitation in the host fungus. Based on RNA sequencing using isogenic virus-infected and cured fungal strains, HetPV13-an1 affected the transcription of 683 genes, of which 60% were downregulated and 40% upregulated. Alterations observed in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism suggest that the virus causes

Intimate bacterial-fungal interaction triggers biosynthesis of archetypal polyketides in Aspergillus nidulans.

Fungi produce numerous low molecular weight molecules endowed with a multitude of biological activities. However, mining the full-genome sequences of fungi indicates that their potential to produce secondary metabolites is greatly underestimated. Because most of the biosynthesis gene clusters are silent under laboratory conditions, one of the major challenges is to understand the physiological conditions under which these genes are activated. Thus, we cocultivated the important model fungus Aspergillus nidulans with a collection of 58 soil-dwelling actinomycetes. By microarray analyses of both

A comprehensive review of the metabolites, biological activities, and clinical application of a medicinal fungus Xylaria nigripes.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Xylaria nigripes, is a rare medicinal fungus known as Wulingshen in China. It has a neutral and sweet nature … parable bioactivities. Clinical studies have further validated the efficacy of Wuling powder (dried mycelium product of X. nigripes) in regulating mental health, alleviating insomnia, and treating related disorders. The review also explores the product development status and potential of X. nigripes, analyzing its market prospects. Furthermore, it addresse …

Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds, Use, and Clinical Trials.

Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities. The growing interest in mycotherapy requires a strong commitment from the scientific community to expand clinical trials and to propose supplements of safe origin and genetic purity. Bioactive compounds of

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… This is the case, for example, with a new glycoprotein extracted from the fermented mycelium of G. frondosa , GFG-3a. … The supplement administered (“Mycotherapy Hericium”) consisted of 80% bulk mycelium and 20% fruiting body extract. …

LaeA, a regulator of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus spp.

Secondary metabolites, or biochemical indicators of fungal development, are of intense interest to humankind due to their pharmaceutical and/or toxic properties. We present here a novel Aspergillus nuclear protein, LaeA, as a global regulator of secondary metabolism in this genus. Deletion of laeA (DeltalaeA) blocks the expression of metabolic gene clusters, including the sterigmatocystin (carcinogen), penicillin (antibiotic), and lovastatin (antihypercholesterolemic agent) gene clusters. Conversely, overexpression of laeA triggers increased penicillin and lovastatin gene transcription and sub

Cytotoxic Effect on Human Myeloma Cells and Leukemic Cells by the Agaricus blazei Murill Based Mushroom Extract, Andosan™.

Agaricus blazei Murill is an edible mushroom of the Basidiomycetes family, which has been found to contain a number of compounds with antitumor properties, such as proteoglycans and ergosterol. In the present investigation, we show that the commercial mushroom product Andosan, which contains 82.4% Agaricus blazei Murill, together with medicinal mushrooms Hericium erinaceus (14.7%) and Grifola frondosa (2.9%), has a cytotoxic effect on primary myeloma cells, other myeloma cell lines, and leukemia cell lines in vitro. Although the exact content and hence the mechanisms of action of the Andosan e

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… The mycelium of AbM has been less well investigated and few details are known concerning its biochemical composition. In the present investigation, a commercial mushroom extract, Andosan, containing 82.4% of Agaricus blazei Murill, extracted from the mycelium of the mushroom, has been used. … Reports concerning antitumor effects of extracts from the mycelium of AbM are scarce. A polysaccharide complex from the mycelium of AbM has been shown to have activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor and sarcoma in a mouse model [ 21 ]. …

Influence of Pleurotus sapidus fruiting bodies on the performance, cecal microbiome, and gene expression in the liver and breast muscle of broilers.

Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of edible fungi, are widely used as food for humans. However, their potential, as well as that of fungal mycelia, as feed components for poultry is less acknowledged. Recent studies have shown that feeding the vegetative mycelium of Pleurotus sapidus does not affect growth performance or nutrient digestibility and causes only minimal changes in the cecal microbiota structure, liver transcriptome, and plasma metabolome of broilers. The present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of feeding the fruiting bodies of P. sapidus on performance metrics…

Antitumor, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract and the Related Medicinal Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.

Since the 1980s, medicinal effects have been documented in scientific studies with the related Basidiomycota mushrooms Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE) and Grifola frondosa (GF) from Brazilian and Eastern traditional medicine. Special focus has been on their antitumor effects, but the mushrooms' anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties have also been investigated. The antitumor mechanisms were either direct tumor attack, e.g., apoptosis and metastatic suppression, or indirect defense, e.g., inhibited tumor neovascularization and T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response. T

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… Andosan TM , which is made from the mushroom mycelium, is one of the commercial AbM products that has been most investigated and shows promise in clinical studies. The mycelium may contain other or more effective ingredients than the fruiting body. … The different results on intestinal tumorigenesis found in rodents by use of AbM fruiting body (no effect) [ 46 ] versus with an AbM-based mycelium extract (Andosan TM ) (60% reduced tumor load), may be due to the different AbM preparations used. …

First Report of Botrytis Leaf Blight on Eleutherococcus senticosus Caused by Botrytis cinerea in China.

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Acanthopanax senticosus, manyprickle acathopanax) is a perennial herb belonging to the family Araliaceae and is … rted, eventually desiccated and became brittle. Under continuously humid conditions, scattered gray mycelium and conidia appeared on the surface of affected leaf tissue. To isolate the causal agent, tissues were excised from diseased leaves, immersed in 0.1% mercuric chloride, suspended in sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidiopho …

Alternaria brassicicola Causes a Leaf Spot on Isatis indigotica in China.

Chinese woad (Isatis indigotica) is a biennial herb in the Brassicaceae that is widely cultivated in China. Extracts from the roots and leav … rinsed thrice in sterilized distilled water, dried, and plated on potato dextrose agar. Olive-green mycelium developed after 2 days of incubation at 25°C, turned dark green, and covered the petri dish 10 days later. The periphery of each colony was gray and velvety. On potato carrot agar medium, conidia formed on branched chains. Conidiophores arose singly …

First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose on Myrciaria dubia in Brazil.

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) is an Amazonian fruit with high economic potential due to its reported health-promoting properti … dium hypochlorite (1 min), rinsed in sterile water, and placed on water agar. After 4 days at 25°C, mycelium was transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 7 days, 10 morphologically similar isolates were obtained, showing grayish-white colonies with orange spore masses. Conidia were hyaline, unicellular, cylindrical, smooth-walled, straight with rou …

First Report of Clonostachys rosea Causing Root Rot of Lonicera japonica Thunb. in China.

Lonicera japonica Thunb., belonging to Caprifoliaceae, is a widely cultivated traditional Chinese medicinal plant with high economic value. … on. After 15 days of incubation at 28℃ on PDA, colonies of B1-V1 reached a diameter of 80 mm; white mycelium grew slightly above the surface of the plate, was velvety in texture, and produced a yellow pigment. Hyaline, septate hyphae produced verticillate conidia that were branched like broomsticks, and conidiophores were transparent and elliptical with a …

First Report of Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-24 on Potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Wisconsin.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops are grown on over 25,090 ha in Wisconsin annually. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de … ates were generated from parent cultures and maintained on Rye A agar for further characterization. Mycelium was coenocytic with hyphal diameter of 5 to 8 μm (n = 50). Sporangia were limoniform to ovoid, semi- to fully papillate, caducous, had short pedicels, and were 36.22 × 19.11 μm (height × width; n = 50). The average length-width ratio was 1.91. Alloz …

First Report of Pomegranate Wilt Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Sichuan Province.

During May of 2009, a new devastating disease was observed on pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) that caused losses estimated at 30% as survey … ultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ± 1°C with a 12-h light/dark photoperiod. Mycelium was initially hyaline and then rapidly became dark greenish brown. Two types of endoconidia were produced in 5 days. Barrel-shaped conidia were hyaline, 1-celled, and measured 7.3 to 9.4 × 11.6 to 13.2 μm. Cylindrical conidia were hyaline, 1-celled, …

Avocado Dieback Caused by Neofusicoccum parvum in the Andalucia Region, Spain.

From 2002 to 2006, adult avocado trees, Persea americana Miller cv. Hass, located in the subtropical-fruit-producing area of Andalucia (southern Spain) developed symptoms of dieback characterized by death of twigs and branches in the tree canopy. Sections of surface-disinfested, necrotic branch tissues were plated on Difco potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Sparks, NV) and a Neofusicoccum-like fungus was isolated. On PDA, the isolates had white, appressed mycelium that turned dull gray as the colony aged, although conidia were not formed. Abundant pycnidia and conidia developed when isolates were cul…

First Report of Pomegranate Wilt Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Yunnan, China.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) is an important fruit crop in Yunnan Province, China. Recently, older pomegranate bushes in Mengzi Count … m them as has been reported (1). Inoculations with an isolate of C. fimbrata were made by inserting mycelium with perithecia from 12-day-old cultures growing on PDA into root wounds made with a sterile scalpel on five pomegranate plants and then covering the wounds with Parafilm. Sterile medium was placed in an equal number of wounded bushes to serve as co …

First Report of Colletotrichum fioriniae Causing Postharvest Decay on 'Nittany' Apple Fruit in the United States.

Bitter rot of apple is caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gleosporioides and is an economically important disease in the mid-Atlantic … . The isolate was identified as a Colletotrichum sp. based on culture morphology, having light gray mycelium with a pinkish reverse and abundant pin-shaped melanized acervuli oozing pink conidia on PDA. Conidia were fusiform, pointed at one or both ends, one-celled, thin-walled, aseptate, hyaline, and averaged 10.5 μm (7.5 to 20 μm) long and 5.1 μm (5 to 1 …