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Infections of the Oropharynx.

This article reviews the presentation, diagnosis, and management of common and "can't miss" infections of the oropharynx, including streptococcal pharyngitis, infectious mononucleosis, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, and epiglottitis.

Представь инфекционные инфекции.

Инфекции центральной нервной системы (СНС) являются одним из основных источников заболеваемости и смертности, несмотря на заметный прогресс в профилактике и лечении инфекционных заболеваний. Из-за трудностей, связанных с непосредственным отбором образцов тканей, изображения играют важнейшую роль в выявлении, диагностировании и мониторинге терапевтической реакции на инфекционные заболевания. Точный диагноз по инфекциям CNS особенно выгоден с учетом наличия потенциальных эффективных антимикробных средств. Бактериальные, вирусные, грибковые и паразитарные инфекции могут оказывать воздействие на м

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major source of morbidity and mortality despite the remarkable progress in prevention and treatment of infectious disease. Because of the difficulty of direct tissue sampling, imaging plays a crucial role in detecting, diagnosing, and monitoring the therapeutic response of CNS infections. An accurate diagnosis in…

Osteoarticular infections in pediatrics.

OBJECTIVE: To collect the most up-to-date information regarding pediatric osteoarticular infections, including the epidemiological and microbiological profiles, diagnosis, and treatment. SOURCE OF DATA: A non-systematic review was performed on the search engines PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar, using the keywords "bone and joint infection", "children", "pediatric", "osteomyelitis", "septic arthritis" and "spondylodiscitis" over the last ten years. The most relevant articles were selected by the authors to constitute the database. SYNTHESIS OF DATA: Osteoarticular infections are st…

Neurosurgical Device-Related Infections.

In this review article, we discuss the epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunts, cerebrospinal fluid drains, and deep brain stimulators. We also briefly discuss prevention strategies with appropriate antibiotics, devices, and operating room practices to decrease the risk of these infections.

Urinary Catheter-Associated Infections.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection remains one of the most prevalent, yet preventable, health care-associated infections. General prevention strategies include strict adherence to hand hygiene and antimicrobial stewardship. Duration of urinary catheterization is the most important modifiable risk factor. Targeted prevention strategies include limiting urinary catheter use; physician reminder systems, nurse-initiated discontinuation protocols, and automatic stop orders have successfully decreased catheter duration. Alternatives should be considered. If catheterization is necessary, pro…

Ocular Human Papillomavirus Infections.

CONTEXT: - Human papillomavirus (HPV) has a well-known role in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions of the cervix, anogenital region, and head and neck, but its role in the development of squamous neoplasms of the eye, particularly the conjunctiva, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: - To review recent evidence implicating HPV in the pathophysiology of ocular lesions. DATA SOURCES: - Published articles obtained from a PubMed search of the English literature were the primary sources for this review. CONCLUSIONS: - The low-risk HPV types 6 and 11 appear to play a role in

pH and Microbial Infections.

Maintenance of an acidic stratum corneum pH is a major component of the skin's protective system and creates a hostile environment for colonization with pathogenic microorganisms. This barrier can however be overcome on healthy and in particular on compromised skin. Mycosis, diaper/incontinence dermatitis and wound healing are examples of cases where microbial infection is promoted by the altered skin conditions or environment. Fungi have a complex system that senses ambient pH that leads to metabolic responses allowing adhesion, growth and invasion, as microbial metabolites further increase s

Disseminated canine mold infections.

Disseminated canine mold infections are reviewed. Case inclusion criteria were dogs as hosts, two or more non-adjacent organs affected and identification of the etiological agent at least to the genus level. Of the 157 cases identified, 59.3% were caused by Aspergillus spp. of which 36.3% belonged to the section Terrei. German Shepherd breed dogs constituted 67.8% of the cases, 89.7% of which were caused by fungi of the section Terrei. Female dogs constituted 72.7% of the cases. The average age was 4.3years (range 1-13years). Pathogenesis, especially virulence factors facilitating the hematoge…

Infections after lung transplantation.

The good clinical result of lung transplantation is constantly undermined by the high incidence of infection, which negatively impacts on function and survival. Moreover, infections may also have immunological interactions that play a role in the acute rejection and in the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. There is a temporal sequence in the types of infection that affects lung allograft: in the first postoperative month bacteria are the most frequent cause of infection; following this phase, cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii are common. Fungal infections are particular…

Sleep and brain infections.

Sleep is frequently altered in systemic infections as a component of sickness behavior in response to inflammation. Sleepiness in sickness behavior has been extensively investigated. Much less attention has instead been devoted to sleep and wake alterations in brain infections. Most of these, as other neuroinfections, are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The present overview highlights the importance of this topic from both the clinical and pathogenetic points of view. Vigilance states and their regulation are first summarized, emphasizing that key nodes in this distributed brain system can be…

Imaging of Odontogenic Infections.

Odontogenic infections represent a common clinical problem in patients of all ages. The presence of teeth enables the direct spread of inflammatory products from dental caries, trauma, and/or periodontal disease into the maxilla and mandible. The radiographic changes seen depend on the type and duration of the inflammatory process and host body response. Imaging plays a central role in identifying the source of infection and the extent of the disease spread and in detecting any complications. Many different imaging modalities can be used. The radiographic features associated with acute and chr…

Parasitic and fungal infections.

Parasitic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise a plethora of infectious agents leading to a multitude of different disease courses and thus diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The prevalence of different pathogens is basically dependent on geographic and ethnic backgrounds, its infectious route frequently involving a third party, such as flies or domestic animals. The present review focuses on cerebral malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum infection, and Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis. Fungi produce a large variety of inflammatory conditions of the CNS with a variegated sp…

Trabeculectomy bleb-associated infections.

Trabeculectomy with antimetabolites is the most commonly performed surgery worldwide for glaucoma patients with progressive optic nerve head injury and visual field loss despite maximum pharmacologic intraocular pressure-lowering therapy. Trabeculectomy bleb-associated infections remain one of the most feared early and long-term complications of trabeculectomy surgery because of their poor prognosis and variable response to antimicrobial therapy. Several studies have evaluated how surgical technique, conjunctival incision location, comorbid ocular pathology, concurrent medication use, and bleb…

Vitamin C and Infections.

In the early literature, vitamin C deficiency was associated with pneumonia. After its identification, a number of studies investigated the effects of vitamin C on diverse infections. A total of 148 animal studies indicated that vitamin C may alleviate or prevent infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The most extensively studied human infection is the common cold. Vitamin C administration does not decrease the average incidence of colds in the general population, yet it halved the number of colds in physically active people. Regularly administered vitamin C has shortened the du…

[Leptospira infections in cats].

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis found in over 150 mammalian species. Subclinically infected rodents and farm animals serve as reservoir hosts. Cats are exposed to leptospires regularly, particularly through hunting infected rodents. However, clinical leptospirosis is rare in cats. Nevertheless, infected cats can shed the pathogen through urine and thus, cats could play an important role in the epidemiology of leptospires.

Infections after refractive surgery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the review is to provide a summary of the recent literature concerning infections after refractive surgery pertinent to each procedure category. RECENT FINDINGS: New data from a large retrospective study suggest that the incidence of post-laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis infectious keratitis is declining. Additionally, recent case studies have reported viral, fungal, and Acanthamoeba pathogens. Corneal collagen cross-linking is emerging as an alternative therapeutic option for early stage post-LASIK infectious keratitis. Postoperative bandage contact len…

[Implant-associated infections - Diagnostics].

The diagnosis of implant-associated infections is challenging as chronic low-grade infections often only manifest as subtle clinical symptoms. Clinical evaluation, patient history, imaging, histopathological and microbiological examinations build the cornerstones of the diagnostics for implant-associated infections. New onset of pain at rest, local symptoms at the surgical site and early loosening of the prosthesis or pseudarthrosis should raise suspicion for an infection and prompt further evaluation. Percutaneous sinus tracts, purulent wound secretions and skin erosions with exposure of the …

[Focal infections in otorhinolaryngology].

This publication is focused on the mechanisms underlying the clinical course of acute focal infections concomitant with ENT pathology, factors responsible for their chronization and the development of complications. Also discussed are the methods for the early adequate conservative and surgical treatment of these conditions. Special emphasis is placed on the principles of management of chronic tonsillitis.