Результаты поиска

Hyperoxia and the Immature Brain.

Despite major advances in obstetrics and neonatal intensive care, preterm infants frequently suffer from neurological impairments in later l … ng to the injury of white and grey matter observed in preterm infants. During the critical phase of brain maturation, hyperoxia can alter developmental processes, resulting in the disruption of neural plasticity and myelination. However, oxygen therapy can often not be avoided in neonatal intensive care. Therefore, in situations requiring oxygen supplem …

Epigenome Editing in the Brain.

Epigenome editing aims for an introduction or removal of chromatin marks at a defined genomic region using artificial EpiEffectors resulting in a modulation of the activity of the targeted functional DNA elements. Rationally designed EpiEffectors consist of a targeting DNA-binding module (such as a zinc finger protein, TAL effector, or CRISPR/Cas complex) and usually, but not exclusively, a catalytic domain of a chromatin-modifying enzyme. Epigenome editing opens a completely new strategy for basic research of the central nervous system and causal treatment of psychiatric and neurological dise

The Brain Basis for Misophonia.

Misophonia is an affective sound-processing disorder characterized by the experience of strong negative emotions (anger and anxiety) in resp … surements, we demonstrate that misophonic subjects show specific trigger-sound-related responses in brain and body. Specifically, fMRI showed that in misophonic subjects, trigger sounds elicit greatly exaggerated blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior insular cortex (AIC), a core hub of the "salience network" that is critical for …

Функциональные принцы в мозгу.

Пионы - это белки, которые могут принимать самоувешающиеся конформации и традиционно рассматриваются как этиологические агенты инфекционных нейродегенеративных заболеваний у человека, таких, как болезнь Креуцфельдта-Якоба, Куру и трансмиссивная энцефалопатия. В последнее время наметился растущий консенсус в отношении того, что механизмы, похожие на прион, самотензии, также лежат в основе целого ряда нейродегенеративных расстройств, включая амиотропический боковой склероз, болезнь Альцгеймера и болезнь Хантингтона. Возможно, самое удивительное, что не все агрегаты, похожие на прион, связаны с п

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Prions are proteins that can adopt self-perpetuating conformations and are traditionally regarded as etiological agents of infectious neurod … sticity and memory. We also mention a more recent example of a functional prion-like protein in the brain, TIA-1, and its role during stress. These studies of functional prion-like proteins have provided a number of generalizable insights on how prion-based protein switches may operate to serve physiological functions in higher eukaryotes.

Dyscalculia and the Calculating Brain.

Dyscalculia, like dyslexia, affects some 5% of school-age children but has received much less investigative attention. In two thirds of affe … ore left sided. Maturation and increasing number skill decrease associated widespread non-numerical brain activations that persist in some individuals with dyscalculia, which has no single, universal neurological cause or underlying mechanism in all affected individuals.

Melatonin and the newborn brain.

Brain injury related to preterm birth and neonatal asphyxia is a leading cause of childhood neuromotor and cognitive disabilities. Unfortunately, the strategies to prevent perinatal brain damages remain limited. Among the candidate molecules, melatonin appears to be one of the most promising agents for its antioxidant and neuromodulatory action. Robust preclinical evidences and few clinical studies have suggested a neuroprotective benefit conferred by neonatal exposure to melatonin. This review recapitulates current basic research, safety and pharmacokinetic data and ongoing clinical trials on…

MRI of the Fetal Brain.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the possibilities for fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of the fetal brain. For brain pathologies, fetal MRI is usually performed when an abnormality is detected by previous prenatal ultrasound, and is, therefore, an important adjunct to ultrasound. The most commonly suspected brain pathologies referred to fetal MRI for further evaluation are ventriculomegaly, missing corpus callosum, and abnormalities of the posterior fossa. We will briefly discuss the most common indications for fetal brain MRI, as well as recent…

Preterm nutrition and the brain.

The brain is the most highly metabolic organ in the preterm neonate and consumes the greatest amount of nutrient resources for its function and growth. As preterm infants survive at greater rates, neurodevelopment has become the primary morbidity outcome of interest. While many factors influence neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants, nutrition is of particular importance because the healthcare team has a great deal of control over its provision. Studies over the past 30 years have emphasized the negative neurodevelopmental consequences of poor nutrition and growth in the preterm infan…

Mitochondrial diseases of the brain.

Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases of the brain, characterized by behavioral, motor and cognitive impairments. Ample evidence underpins mitochondrial dysfunction as a central causal factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction such as bioenergetics defects, mitochondrial DNA mutations, gene mutations, altered mitochondrial dynamics (mitochondr…

Is instability good for the brain?

In this issue of Neuron, Nahm et al. (2013) examine the Drosophila ortholog of spartin, the human gene mutated in a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Spartin inhibits BMP signaling and upregulation of BMP signaling may increase microtubule stability and neurodegeneration.

[Migraine: ignition of the brain].

Although our knowledge of which systems are activated during migraine is reasonably complete, why the system is activated remains unknown. Incorporating the findings obtained in studies on pain in general has allowed a more integrated model to be generated. According to this new model, there is an anatomical substrate consisting in a complex framework of pain that is made up not only of the trigeminovascular system (end pathway) but of a number of networks that are in turn connected to one another, like the neurolimbic, the ascending and descending modulatory system. This complex network is re

Zinc and the aging brain.

Alterations in trace element homeostasis could be involved in the pathology of dementia, and in particular of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Zinc … s review will focus on current knowledge regarding pathological and protective mechanisms involving brain zinc in AD to highlight areas where future research may enable development of new and improved therapies.

[The brain as master of the heart].

We admitted a 42 year old woman with clinical signs of shock, coma, and ecg changes consistent with a ST elevation myocardial infarction to percutaneous coronary intervention. Normal coronary arteries were found. Due to the comatose state a cranial computed tomography scan was performed, where a subarachnoid hemorrhage was detected. We discuss the difficulty of diagnosing a subarachnoid hemorrhage, the pathophysiological cause of cardiac damage and ecg changes in acute neurological disease, and the differential diagnosis of ST elevation in the ecg.

Fetuin-a in the developing brain.

The serum protein fetuin-A is essential for mineral homeostasis and shows immunomodulatory functions, for example by binding to TGF superfamily proteins. It proved neuroprotective in a rat stroke model and reduced lethality after systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge in mice. Serum fetuin-A concentrations are highest during intrauterine life. Different species show intrauterine cerebral fetuin-A immunoreactivity, suggesting a contribution to brain development. We therefore aimed at specifying fetuin-A immunoreactivity in brains of newborn rats (age P0-P28) and human neonates (20-40 weeks of ge…

Histiocytic sarcoma of the brain.

Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of the lympho-hematopoietic system that usually occurs in the skin, lymph nodes and intestinal tract. We present a 36-year-old woman with a rare histiocytic sarcoma with isolated central nervous system (CNS) involvement of multifocal circumscribed lesions. Biopsy of the brain lesions showed diffuse proliferation of pleomorphic histiocytes that were immunopositive for CD45, CD68 and CD163. Various cytokeratins and markers of lymphoma, melanoma, germ cell tumours and primary CNS tumours were negative. Examination of bone marrow trephine and a whol…

Quantitative relaxometry of the brain.

The exquisite soft tissue contrast provided by magnetic resonance imaging arises principally from differences in the intrinsic relaxation pr … a, including diffusion tensor imaging, is discussed, with the aim of more thoroughly characterizing brain tissue.