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Diversity of Pneumocystis jirovecii Across Europe: A Multicentre Observational Study.

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an airborne human-specific ascomycetous fungus responsible for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised patients, affecting >500,000 patients per year (www.gaffi.org). The understanding of its epidemiology is limited by the lack of standardised culture. Recent genotyping data suggests a limited genetic diversity of P. jirovecii. The objective of the study was to assess the diversity of P. jirovecii across European hospitals and analyse P. jirovecii diversity in respect to clinical data obtained from the patients. Genotyping was performed using six already val…

Genetic Interactions in Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts in Europe-EUROCRAN Study.

BACKGROUND: Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL±P) and nonsyndromic cleft palate (nsCP) are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. We investigated gene-environment and gene-gene joint effects in a large multicenter study of case-parent triads. METHODS: The nsCL±P or nsCP triads were recruited in 11 European countries between 2001 and 2005. We collected DNA samples from infants and from their mothers and fathers, and mothers completed a questionnaire on exposures, including smoking and folic acid supplement use during pregnancy. We used log-lin…

Survey for zoonotic pathogens in Norway rat populations from Europe.

BACKGROUND: The Norway rat Rattus norvegicus is an important reservoir of various zoonotic pathogens, such as cowpox virus and Leptospira, but also for agents of no or unknown zoonotic potential. We describe a survey of 426 Norway rats originating from five European countries and different habitats for Leptospira spp., rickettsiae, orthopoxvirus (OPV), avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B (aMPV) and rat polyomavirus (rat PyV). RESULTS: Leptospira DNA was detected in 60 out of 420 (14.3%) rats, and Rickettsia DNA was found in three out of 369 (0.8%) rats investigated. PCR-based typing result…

Risk factors for death from invasive pneumococcal disease, Europe, 2010.

We studied the possible association between patient age and sex, clinical presentation, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and death in invasive pneumococcal disease cases reported by 17 European countries during 2010. The study sample comprised 2,921 patients, of whom 56.8% were men and 38.2% were >65 years of age. Meningitis occurred in 18.5% of cases. Death was reported in 264 (9.0%) cases. Older age, meningitis, and nonsusceptibility to penicillin were significantly associated with death. Non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) serotypes among children <5 years o…

Loneliness and health in Eastern Europe: findings from Moscow, Russia.

OBJECTIVES: To examine which factors are associated with feeling lonely in Moscow, Russia, and to determine whether loneliness is associated … ealth in Moscow. More research is now needed on loneliness and the way it affects health in Eastern Europe, so that appropriate interventions can be designed and implemented to reduce loneliness and its harmful impact on population well-being in this setting.

Human Parasites in Medieval Europe: Lifestyle, Sanitation and Medical Treatment.

Parasites have been infecting humans throughout our evolution. However, not all people suffered with the same species or to the same intensity throughout this time. Our changing way of life has altered the suitability of humans to infection by each type of parasite. This analysis focuses upon the evidence for parasites from archaeological excavations at medieval sites across Europe. Comparison between the patterns of infection in the medieval period allows us to see how changes in sanitation, herding animals, growing and fertilizing crops, the fishing industry, food preparation and migration a…

Complete genome of a Puumala virus strain from Central Europe.

Puumala virus (PUUV) is one of the predominant hantavirus species in Europe causing mild to moderate cases of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Parts of Lower Saxony in north-western Germany are endemic for PUUV infections. In this study, the complete PUUV genome sequence of a bank vole-derived tissue sample from the 2007 outbreak was determined by a combined primer-walking and RNA ligation strategy. The S, M and L genome segments were 1,828, 3,680 and 6,550 nucleotides in length, respectively. Sliding-window analyses of the nucleotide sequences of all available complete PUUV genomes ind…

Epidemiology of vasculitides: differences between Japan, Europe and North America.

The epidemiology of systemic vasculitides differs between Japan, Europe and North America. Takayasu's arteritis occurs frequently in Japan, unlike giant cell arteritis. A collaborative international study comparing the epidemiology of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis between Japan and the United Kingdom (UK) demonstrated that microscopic polyangiitis and myeloperoxidase-ANCA were more common in Japan, whereas granulomatosis with polyangiitis and pronase 3-ANCA were more common in the UK. These differences may be attributed to differences in latitude and genetic…

Молекулярная филогография вируса энцефалита, переносимого клещами, в Центральной Европе.

В целях более глубокого понимания процессов движения штаммов вируса энцефалита (ТБЭВ), переносимого клещами, в Центральной Европе были определены генные последовательности Е 102 штаммов ТБЭВ, собранные в период с 1953 по 2011 год на 38 участках в Чешской Республике, Словакии, Австрии и Германии. Байезийский анализ показывает 350-летнюю историю эволюции и распространение в Центральной Европе двух основных линий - А и В. В отличие от востока и запада на уровне Евразийского континента местные центральноевропейские модели расползания указывают на исторический разброс запада и востока, за которым с

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
In order to obtain a better understanding of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strain movements in central Europe the E gene sequences of 102 TBEV strains collected from 1953 to 2011 at 38 sites in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Germany were determined. Bayesian analysis suggests a 350-year history of evolution and spread in central Europe of t…

Low prevalence of lactase persistence in Neolithic South-West Europe.

The ability of humans to digest the milk component lactose after weaning requires persistent production of the lactose-converting enzyme lactase. Genetic variation in the promoter of the lactase gene (LCT) is known to be associated with lactase production and is therefore a genetic determinant for either lactase deficiency or lactase persistence during adulthood. Large differences in this genetic trait exist between populations in Africa and the Middle-East on the one hand, and European populations on the other; this is thought to be due to evolutionary pressures exerted by consumption of dair…

Travel and migration associated infectious diseases morbidity in Europe, 2008.

BACKGROUND: Europeans represent the majority of international travellers and clinicians encountering returned patients have an essential role in recognizing, and communicating travel-associated public health risks. METHODS: To investigate the morbidity of travel associated infectious diseases in European travellers, we analysed diagnoses with demographic, clinical and travel-related predictors of disease, in 6957 ill returned travellers who presented in 2008 to EuroTravNet centres with a presumed travel associated condition. RESULTS: Gastro-intestinal (GI) diseases accounted for 33% of illne…

Physical and neurodevelopmental evaluation of children adopted from Eastern Europe.

BACKGROUND: Children adopted from Eastern Europe are at risk of prenatal alcohol exposure, consequently at risk of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). To our knowledge, a systematic complete assessment of these disabilities among adoptees from Eastern Europe has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To assess physical and neurodevelopmental status to identify FASD in children adopted from Eastern Europe. METHOD: Cross sectional study at International Adoption Clinic of a paediatric academic hospital. This evaluation was realized according to the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code (4-DDC). RESULTS: Tw…

Emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in Europe.

The purpose of this study was to assess and describe the current spectrum of emerging zoonoses between 2000 and 2006 in European countries. A computerized search of the Medline database from January 1966 to August 2006 for all zoonotic agents in European countries was performed using specific criteria for emergence. Fifteen pathogens were identified as emerging in Europe from 2000 to August 2006: Rickettsiae spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Francisella tularensis, Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Hantavirus, Toscana virus, Tick-borne encephalitis v…

Molecular epidemiology of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Europe.

In many European countries, the level of pneumococcal resistance to macrolides has now passed the level of resistance to penicillin G. A total of 82 erythromycin A-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected by 11 laboratories in seven European countries. All of the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, analyzed for clonal relatedness by multilocus sequence typing, and characterized for macrolide resistance genotypes. The prevalence of the macrolide resistance genotypes varied substantially between countries. In France (87.5% of all strains), Spain (77.3%), S…

Visual and ocular findings in children adopted from eastern Europe.

AIMS: To evaluate ophthalmological findings in children adopted from eastern Europe. METHODS: A prospective study on 72/99 children, born 1990-5 and adopted from eastern Europe to western Sweden during 1993-7 was performed. The children (41 boys; mean age 7.5 years) were compared with an age and sex matched reference group ("ref") of Swedish children. RESULTS: 78% of the adopted children had abnormal ocular findings. 26% (ref 4%) had visual acuity (VA) of the better eye < or = 0.5 (> or = 0.3 logMAR) (p = 0.0001) and 8% (ref 0%) were visually impaired (p = 0.01). Amblyopia was found in 15% (…

Update on ISI survey: Europe, North America and South America.

It is well known that the diagnostic process in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be excessively prolonged, with negative consequences for the patients and their families. The ISIS study assessed the diagnostic process in 201 patients affected by ALS from 6 different countries (Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Spain and USA). The median time from onset to diagnosis ranged from 12 months in Spain to 17 months in Italy. The median time for patients to have a first consultation with a physician was 2 months (range: 1-1.5 months) and with a neurologist was 6-9 months. The median time neede