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Alterations in the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme network of mice induced by +Gz exposure and its impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of modafinil.

BACKGROUND: In aviation and aerospace missions, personnel and astronauts are subjected to brief episodes of +Gz acceleration, resulting in overload stress that adversely affects the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. This mechanical stress disrupts hemodynamic balance, tissue oxygenation, and physiological homeostasis. Increasing evidence links this stressor to hepatic injury; as the primary organ for drug metabolism, liver dysfunction may alter the expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and the pharmacokinetic profiles of circadian rhythm-regulating medications, s…

Gravity Threshold and Dose Response Relationships: Health Benefits Using a Short Arm Human Centrifuge.

PURPOSE: Increasing the level of gravity passively on a centrifuge, should be equal to or even more beneficial not only to astronauts living in a microgravity environment but also to patients confined to bed. Gravity therapy (GT) may have beneficial effects on numerous conditions, such as immobility due to neuromuscular disorders, balance disorders, stroke, sports injuries. However, the appropriate configuration for administering the Gz load remains to be determined. METHODS: To address these issues, we studied graded G-loads from 0.5 to 2.0g in 24 young healthy, male and female participants,…

Spaceflight-Relevant Challenges of Radiation and/or Reduced Weight Bearing Cause Arthritic Responses in Knee Articular Cartilage.

There is little known about the effect of both reduced weight bearing and exposure to radiation during spaceflight on the mechanically-sensi … /or impairs recovery of cartilage upon return to reloading, generating long-term joint problems for astronauts.

Perception of tilt (somatogravic illusion) in response to sustained linear acceleration during space flight.

During the 1998 Neurolab mission (STS-90), four astronauts were exposed to interaural and head vertical (dorsoventral) linear accelerations of 0.5 g and 1 g during constant velocity rotation on a centrifuge, both on Earth and during orbital space flight. Subjects were oriented either left-ear-out or right-ear-out (Gy centrifugation), or lay supine along the centrifuge arm with their head off-axis (Gz centrifugation). Pre-flight centrifugation, producing linear accelerations of 0.5 g and 1 g along the Gy (interaural) axis, induced illusions of roll-tilt of 20 degrees and 34 degrees for gravito-…

Contributions of Spore Secondary Metabolites to UV-C Protection and Virulence Vary in Different Aspergillus fumigatus Strains.

Fungi are versatile organisms which thrive in hostile environments, including the International Space Station (ISS). Several isolates of the … ll molecules with radiation-protective potential may result in developing novel safety measures for astronauts.

Evaluation of rumination time, subsequent yield, and milk trait changes dependent on the period of lactation and reproductive status of dairy cows.

The aim of this research was to determine rumination time (RT) and the subsequent milk yield, along with trait changes during lactation dependent on the reproductive status of dairy cows. 728 cows were selected for evaluation in regards to 1-150 days of milk production (DIM). According to their period of lactation and reproductive status, the cows were selected for the following groups: Inseminated (1-35 days after insemination, n=182), Open (45-90 days after calving, n=126), Fresh (1-44 days after calving, n=45); Not-pregnant (>35-60 days after inse- mination and not-pregnant, n=55); Pregnant

Surface Electromyography Provides Neuromuscular Insights for Skill Acquisition in Microgravity.

The human motor system has evolved to perform efficient motor control in Earth's gravity. Altered gravity environments, such as microgravity and hypergravity, pose unique challenges for performing fine motor tasks with object manipulation. Altered gravity has been shown to reduce the speed and accuracy of complex manual tasks. This study aims to leverage electromyography (EMG) and virtual reality (VR) technologies to provide insights into the neuromuscular mechanism of object weight compensation. Seven healthy subjects were recruited to perform arm and hand movements, including a customized Bo

Alterations of retinal autophagy after a blast simulated microgravity in rats.

Emerging research has confirmed the crucial role of autophagy, an endogenous repair mechanism, in various blast injuries. However, its role … mechanism, potentially causing irreversible retinal damage and increasing the risk of blindness in astronauts.

Feasibility of dried blood spot collection for caffeine pharmacokinetic studies in microgravity: Insights from parabolic flight campaigns.

AIMS: Therapeutic drug monitoring for astronauts faces limitations in conventional blood sampling and sample management onboard the international space station. Here, we explore the feasibility of dried blood spot (DBS) collection during parabolic flights (PF) to overcome these constraints. METHODS: We assessed the feasibility of blood deposition on blotting paper for preanalytical aspects in a PF using synthetic blood. Subsequently, DBS sampling validation was carried out in another PF campaign. Twenty volunteers participated in a pharmacokinetic study on caffeine and its metabolite, paraxan…

Reimagination in art and science: Seeing the familiar in a new light and creating new things that didn't exist before.

Many groundbreaking works in art and science owe their origins to the creative spark ignited by reimagination-the process whereby artists and scientists reinterpret and reframe past and existing knowledge, envisioning it in a new context that reveals new possibilities. Artistic and scientific innovation originating from reimagination brings to mind William Faulkner's famous line, "The past is never dead. It's not even past." [W. Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun (1)].

Effects of aerospace environments on the cardiovascular system.

Certain physical and physiological changes occur in the atmospheric levels where flight and space activities take place. Air pressure decrea … ng spacecraft, and this is called microgravity. Blood redistributed to the neck and head veins, and astronauts feel nasal fullness, and bulging around the eyes during space missions. As the time spent in the space progresses, a 22% decrease in plasma volume is observed in the cardiovascular system within 1 week owing to increased venous return, and this caus …

Autonomic neural functions in space.

Autonomic neural functions are important to regulate vital functions in the living body. There are different methods to evaluate indirectly … ceflight and just after landing day. Postflight MSNA response to head-up tilt was well preserved in astronauts who were orthostatically well tolerant. MSNA was suppressed during short-term simulation of microgravity less than 2 hours but was enhanced after long-term simulation of microgravity more than 3 days. Orthostatic intolerance after exposure to long-t …

Genetic susceptibility to radiation.

In the context of space radiation, it is important to know whether the human population includes genetically predisposed radiosensitive subsets. One possibility is that haploinsufficiency for ATM confers radiosensitivity, and this defect involves 1-3% of the population. Using knock-out mice we chose to study cataractogenesis in the lens and oncogenic transformation in mouse embryo fibroblasts to assay for effects of ATM deficiency. Radiation induced cataracts appeared earlier in the heterozygous versus wild-type animals following exposure to either gamma rays or 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions. In add

How the mechanical microenvironment of stem cell growth affects their differentiation: a review.

Stem cell differentiation is of great interest in medical research; however, specifically and effectively regulating stem cell differentiation is still a challenge. In addition to chemical factors, physical signals are an important component of the stem cell ecotone. The mechanical microenvironment of stem cells has a huge role in stem cell differentiation. Herein, we describe the knowledge accumulated to date on the mechanical environment in which stem cells exist, which consists of various factors, including the extracellular matrix and topology, substrate stiffness, shear stress, hydrostati

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… Microgravity is not common in daily life, but it has a major impact on astronauts conducting space operations. … Astronauts in microgravity also suffer from immune system dysregulation [ 154 ] and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) [ 155 ]. …

Evaluation of the Metabolic Relationship between Cows and Calves by Monitoring Calf Health and Cow Automatic Milking System and Metabolic Parameters.

With this study, we investigated the relationship between a cow's and calf's metabolic state, and its effect on health status. To achieve this, 20 calves of primiparous and 20 calves of multiparous cows were selected. The calves were monitored for 30 days and scored for signs of disease, as described in McQuirk (2008); according to score, they were divided into healthier calves; the Low calf score group (LCS, 5-8), Medium calf score group (MCS, 9-12) and High calf score group (HCS, 14-17); or calves most prone to disease. Their mothers were monitored for the same period with a Lely Astronaut 3

Space motion sickness.

Space motion sickness, presumably triggered by sudden entry into a weightless environment, occurred with unexpected frequency and severity among astronauts who flew the Skylab missions. Recovery from symptoms was complete within 3-5 days, and as revealed by the Skylab M131 Human Vestibular Function Experiment, all crewmembers were immune to experimentally induced motion sickness after mission day 8. This syndrome has been recognized as a possible threat to the early mission well-being and operational efficiency of at least some individuals who will fly space missions in the future. The causes …

[Toxicity of lunar dust simulant exposure via the digestive system: Microbiota dysbiosis and multi-organ injury].

OBJECTIVES: As early as the Apollo 11 mission, astronauts experienced ocular, skin, and upper airway irritation after lunar dust (LD) was brought into the return cabin, drawing attention to its potential biological toxicity. However, the biological effects of LD exposure through the digestive system remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of digestive exposure to lunar dust simulant (LDS) on gut microbiota and on the intestine, liver, kidney, lung, and bone in mice. METHODS: Eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were used. LDS was used as a substitute for lunar dust, a…

Cardiac atrophy in women following bed rest.

Both chronic microgravity exposure and long-duration bed rest induce cardiac atrophy, which leads to reduced standing stroke volume and orthostatic intolerance. However, despite the fact that women appear to be more susceptible to postspaceflight presyncope and orthostatic hypotension than male astronauts, most previous high-resolution studies of cardiac morphology following microgravity have been performed only in men. Because female athletes have less physiological hypertrophy than male athletes, we reasoned that they also might have altered physiological cardiac atrophy after bed rest. Magn…

The effect of gravitational acceleration on cardiac diastolic function: a biofluid mechanical perspective with initial results.

Echocardiographic measurements of astronaut cardiac function have documented an initial increase, followed by a progressive reduction in both left ventricular end-diastolic volume index and stroke volume with entry into microgravity (micro-G). The investigators hypothesize that the observed reduction in cardiac filling may, in part, be due to the absence of a gravitational acceleration dependent, intraventricular hydrostatic pressure difference in micro-G that exists in the ventricle in normal gravity (1-G) due to its size and anatomic orientation. This acceleration-dependent pressure differen

Материалы ежегодной конференции Канадского общества респираторных терапевтов, май 8-10, 2025.

Мы рады представить ряд выдержек из работы ежегодной Конференции по ТРСК. состоявшемся в Оттаве, Онтарио, в мае 8 в адрес 10, 2025, эта конференция включала в себя темы, подготовленные отдельными лицами, имеющими опыт работы в различных областях практики дыхательной терапии. Как видно из следующих резюме, работа наших коллег 2025 :: акцентировали внимание на текущих исследовательских и практических нововведениях, осуществляемых РТ. Мы приложили все усилия для того, чтобы включить все выдержки, принятые Комитетом по программе до предельного срока публикации; вместе с тем просьба иметь в виду, ч