Результаты поиска

Cost-Effectiveness of Publicly Funded Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in California.

BACKGROUND: Only 1 in 5 of the nearly 2.4 million Americans with an opioid use disorder received treatment in 2015. Fewer than half of Californians who received treatment in 2014 received opioid agonist treatment (OAT), and regulations for admission to OAT in California are more stringent than federal regulations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost-effectiveness of OAT for all treatment recipients compared with the observed standard of care for patients presenting with opioid use disorder to California's publicly funded treatment facilities. DESIGN: Model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. DA…

Pharmacist Intentions to Prescribe Hormonal Contraception Following New Legislative Authority in California.

OBJECTIVE:: Following a California law expanding pharmacists' scope of practice to include directly providing self-administered hormonal contraception to patients pursuant to a statewide protocol, this study aimed to assess California pharmacists' intentions to provide this new service prior to the protocol development and implementation. DESIGN:: Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. SETTING:: California between August and September 2014. PARTICIPANTS:: California pharmacists working in community pharmacies. INTERVENTION:: Invitations to participate in the online survey wer…

Trends in Infective Endocarditis in California and New York State, 1998-2013.

IMPORTANCE: Prophylaxis and treatment guidelines for infective endocarditis have changed substantially over the past decade. In the United States, few population-based studies have explored the contemporary epidemiology and outcomes of endocarditis. OBJECTIVE: To quantify trends in the incidence and etiologies of infective endocarditis in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective population epidemiology study of patients hospitalized with a first episode of endocarditis identified from mandatory state databases in California and New York State between January 1, 199…

The California HIV/AIDS Research Program: History, Impact, and HIV Cure Initiative.

This Special Issue of AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses features results from the HIV Cure Initiative, funded by the California HIV/AIDS Research Program (CHRP). As a publicly funded grant maker, CHRP has served for more than three decades as a unique resource for innovative researchers in California, whose work seeks to address all aspects of the HIV epidemic and the communities affected by it. Early initiatives at CHRP pioneered what would become enduring cornerstones of HIV science: isolation of the virus; efficacy and toxicities of the first HIV treatments; the emergence of drug resista…

Инфекция туберкулёза у лиц, употребляющих наркотики путем инъекций в Сан-Диего, Калифорния.

КОЛИЧЕСТВО: Лица, употребляющие наркотики путем инъекций (ПВИД), могут подвергаться повышенному риску заражения микобактериумом туберкулезом и возобновления скрытой туберкулёзной инфекции (LTBI) из-за употребления ими инъекционных наркотиков. ЦЕЛИ: Определить распространенность и корреляцию инфекции туберкулёза среди лиц, инфицированных туберкулезом, в Сан-Диего, Калифорния, США. МЕТОДЫ: ПВИД в возрасте 18 лет прошел стандартизованные опросы и серологическое тестирование с использованием интерферон-гамма-анализа (ИГРА) для ЛТБ и экспресс-анализа состояния здоровья на предмет заражения вирусом

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Persons who inject drugs (PWID) might be at increased risk for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and reactivation of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) due to their injection drug use. OBJECTIVES: To determine prevalence and correlates of M. tuberculosis infection among PWID in San Diego, California, USA. METHODS: PWID aged 18 years underw…

Distribution and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in California chipmunks (Tamias spp.).

California, with 13 chipmunk (Tamias) species, has more than any other state or country, occupying habitats ranging from chaparral to the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada. Chipmunks host zoonotic pathogens including Yersinia pestis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, relapsing fever (RF) Borrelia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia species. Chipmunk species are often not differentiated by public health workers, yet different species utilize different ecological niches and may have intrinsically different capacities for maintaining vector-borne pathogens and infecting ve…

Ethnic Disparities in Trends in High BMI Among California Adolescents, 2003-2012.

INTRODUCTION: Because California is home to one in eight U.S. children and accounts for the highest Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program spending, childhood obesity trends in California have important implications for the entire nation. California's racial/ethnic diversity and large school-based data set provide a unique opportunity to examine trends by race/ethnicity, including understudied Asian and American Indian youth, which has not been possible using national data sets. This study examined racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of high BMI from 2003 to 2012. METHODS: This …

Intersections of family homelessness, CPS involvement, and race in Alameda County, California.

The homelessness and child protective services (CPS) systems are closely linked. This study examines the patterns and sequence of families' involvement with homeless shelters and CPS, as well as whether involvement in each system predicts involvement in the other using linked administrative records for 258 families recruited in emergency shelters in Alameda County, California. More than half of families were reported to CPS at some point, but less than one-fifth ever had a report substantiated. Reports that were uninvestigated or unfounded increased in the months leading up to shelter entry an…

Isoniazid therapy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV clinics, Los Angeles, California.

SETTING: Publicly funded human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinics in Los Angeles County, California, USA. BACKGROUND: HIV-infected persons are a high priority group for targeted testing and treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To describe rates of isoniazid (INH) initiation and completion among HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis co-infected persons in Los Angeles County. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study using routinely collected surveillance data from publicly funded HIV clinics. We examined differences in INH treatment initiation and comp…

Updates since Brown v. Plata: alternative solutions for prison overcrowding in California.

With the number of inmates under the care of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) swelling over the past few decades, California faces a challenge. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in their 2011 decision in Brown v. Plata that overcrowding violates inmates' Eighth Amendment rights, specifically that they are denied adequate medical and mental health care. Federally mandated release programs have historically raised some concerns regarding public safety and fiscal efficiency. Given the large number of mentally ill inmates in the United States, alternatives such as assi…

Rates and risk factors for Coccidioidomycosis among prison inmates, California, USA, 2011.

In California, coccidioidomycosis is a disease acquired by inhaling spores of Coccidioides immitis, a fungus found in certain arid regions, including the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, where 8 state prisons are located. During 2011, we reviewed coccidioidomycosis rates at 2 of the prisons that consistently report >80% of California's inmate cases and determined inmate risk factors for primary, severe (defined as pulmonary coccidioidomycosis requiring >10 hospital days), and disseminated coccidioidomycosis (defined by hospital discharge International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revis…

Mycobacterium bovis in California dairies: a case series of 2002-2013 outbreaks.

From 2002 to 2013, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) has been detected on numerous dairies in California. In total, twelve herds had bTB detected and are included in the case series which describes these recent outbreaks and discusses potential pathways of introduction. Epidemiological investigations to determine the initial source of bTB in each herd included obtaining data on likely pathways of pathogen introduction. Pathways included purchasing cattle, use of heifer-raising operations, commingling of cattle at greater risk of exposure to infected cattle with…

Spatial and temporal epidemiology of infectious laryngotracheitis in central California: 2000-2012.

In October of 2005 an outbreak of a vaccine-like strain of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), indistinguishable from the chicken embryo origin (CEO)-like vaccine strains, was detected by routine passive surveillance in the Central Valley of California, U. S. A. In response, a highly coordinated industry effort by two companies led to a significant decrease in the incidence of ILT over the same geographic region between 2008-2012. In order to understand the geographic and temporal spread of ILT in California before and after the outbreak, Global Information Systems (GIS) mapping coupled with s…

Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in California women's serum and residential dust.

BACKGROUND: Humans are exposed to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through various routes, including consumption of contaminated food and accidental ingestion of settled dust. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify key routes of exposure to organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in California women of reproductive age. METHODS: Blood was collected from 48 mothers participating in the California Childhood Leukemia Study from 2006 to 2007 and analyzed for POPs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regress…

Effect of dried California Mission figs on mineral status and food replacement.

OBJECTIVE: Figs are a rich source of several different minerals and fibres. We studied the effect of the consumption of dried California Mission figs on mineral and nutrient levels, as well as the effect of the addition of figs to a self-selected habitual diet on dietary patterns. DESIGN: A crossover randomized controlled trial study design in which participants with a mean of age of approximately 56 years were randomly assigned to eat either their usual diet for 5 weeks or to add dried California Mission figs (120 g/d) to their usual diet for 5 weeks, after which they crossed over to the oth…

Timely HIV diagnosis and HIV/TB comanagement among California patients in 2008.

OBJECTIVE: National guidelines highlight the roles of early HIV diagnosis and effective comanagement for HIV and tuberculosis (TB) to prevent mortality and morbidity from HIV-related TB. We assessed HIV diagnosis timing and HIV/TB comanagement for California HIV/TB patients. METHODS: We reviewed and analyzed public health charts for California HIV/TB patients reported during 2008. HIV diagnoses fewer than three months before TB diagnosis were considered new HIV diagnoses. We determined the proportion of patients with new HIV diagnoses, risk factors for new HIV diagnoses, and proportion of pat…

Isolation and characterization of a California encephalitis serogroup orthobunyavirus from Finnish mosquitoes.

The mosquito-borne California encephalitis serogroup viruses of the genus Orthobunyavirus (family Bunyaviridae) include several causative agents of encephalitis in humans. Until recently, Inkoo virus (INKV) was the only orthobunyavirus isolated in Finland, showing high seroprevalence in the population. In this study, we recovered five orthobunyavirus isolates from mosquitoes collected in eastern Finland in the early autumns of 2007 and 2008 by inoculation of Vero cells. The isolates were determined by S, M and L segment sequences to represent the California encephalitis virus species but disti…

Pelodera strongyloides infection in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from California.

Skin biopsies were collected from free-ranging harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from central California (n = 53). Microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections revealed the presence of tightly coiled nematode larvae within the ostia of numerous hair follicles of four seals. Parasites were characterized by paired lateral alae, platymyarian musculature, and an indistinct, uninucleate digestive tract. Mild chronic superficial dermatitis and perifolliculitis were evident microscopically in association with the intrafollicular parasites. Histomorphologic features o…

Clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in men: California Men's Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) among approximately 40,000 community-dwelling men aged 45 years and older in the California Men's Health Study (CMHS) cohort. METHODS: All participants completed an extensive questionnaire at baseline (2002-2003) and were followed for the occurrence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) or all-cause pneumonia hospitalization through the end of 2009. Immunization status and incident IPD and pneumonia cases were ascertained through electronic medical records. The associations between vaccination and IPD or pne…

Gated Communities and House Prices: Suburban Change in Southern California, 1980-2008.

Housing prices being one factor thought to contribute to segregation patterns, this article aims at differentiating gated communities from non-gated communities in terms of change in property values. To what extent do gated communities contribute to price filtering of residents, and do patterns of price differentiation favor gated communities in the long run? The article provides an analysis of the territorial nature of gated communities and how the private urban-governance realm theoretically sustains the hypothesis that property values within gated communities are better protected. In order