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Inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine prepared from attenuated (TC-83 strain) virus.

Formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine was prepared from virus propagated in rolling-bottle cultures of chicken embryo cells. The attenuated, TC-83 strain of virus was propagated in these cultures with a maintenance medium consisting of serum-free medium 199 containing 0.25% human serum albumin and antibiotics. By adjustment of maintenance medium volume (100 to 300 ml) and multiplicity of inoculum (0.04 to 0.00004), high-titered yields of virus were obtained with minimal cell destruction at convenient harvest times, viz, 18 to 24 h postinoculation. Inactivation of vir…

Field studies of an attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine (strain TC-83).

A series of field studies using strain TC-83 attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine in horses was made to determine the rate of seroconversions, the postvaccination viremia, and the possibility of adverse reactions to the vaccine. The rate of seroconversions varied from 50% in one study to 91 and 100% in two others. The highest level of viremia measured was 7 x 10(3) to 8 x 10(3) plaqueforming units per ml. No adverse reactions to the vaccine were observed in any horses, including 42 pregnant mares and their resulting foals.

LIPID INCLUSIONS IN L CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS INFECTION.

Hardy, Frank M. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and David Arbiter. Lipid inclusions in L cells associated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J. Bacteriol. 89:1101-1103. 1965.-Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus has been shown to induce changes of lipid components within the L cell. Lipid inclusions in the form of dark granular bodies were observed in the L cell after aqueous osmium tetroxide fixation and Sudan black staining. Microscopic examination of cells as early as 8 hr after infection with VEE virus showed an increase in the concentration of these inclu…

Imbalance of Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Systems in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and post-COVID-19 syndrome share a symptom profile, including severe fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, exertional intolerance, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance, and the paradoxical state of being "wired but tired." A well-established finding is sympathetic hyperactivity with reduced vagal tone, typically interpreted as autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Emerging evidence, however, suggests a broader disturbance across multiple neurotransmitter systems. This paper reviews current knowledge on neurotransmitter systems implicated in M…

Underuse of Pharmacologic Therapies for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Before Specialist Evaluation.

PURPOSE: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multisystem neurologic disease characterized by profound fatigue and decreased functional capacity, postexertional malaise, and unrefreshing sleep, along with cognitive impairment and/or orthostatic intolerance. Its prevalence has risen exponentially with the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacologic therapies have been used successfully by ME/CFS specialists but may be underused by the general medical field. METHODS: To assess this potential practice gap, we retrospectively analyzed the records of 571 patients with an ME/CFS di…

[Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by enhancing AXL signaling in microglia].

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of dihydroartemisinin(DHA) in ameliorating multiple sclerosis(MS). Hematoxylin and eosin(HE) s … suppressed inflammatory infiltration, and promoted myelin sheath repair in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) mice. At the cellular level, DHA upregulated PD-L1 expression on BV2 cells and Foxp3 expression in co-cultured Jurkat cells, and inhibited CCL5 release and BV2 cell chemotaxis. It also upregulated AXL, p-AXL, p-STAT1, and SOCS3 protein expressi …

Comparison of mannitol versus pertussis toxin to exacerbate active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a powerful and broadly used model to study multiple sclerosis (MS). Like most models, it has advantages and limitations; its advantages include that it can be induced in many species, the pathological mechanisms identified for EAE often overlap with MS, and it has been used for pre-clinical screening for therapeutics that are now used for individuals with MS. Further, there are many approaches for EAE induction, including active immunization with myelin proteins emulsified with immune adjuvants or passive transfer of EAE-specific T cells, allo…

Occult cartilaginous choristoma in a child with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated encephalomyelitis.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease is a central inflammatory demyelinating disorder that cause diverse neurological symptoms. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes occur in association with malignant neoplasms and manifest with a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is rare in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease and, when reported, is typically seen in adults. Herein, we report a 3-year-old girl who presented with lower limb paralysis, urinary retention, and seropositivity for myelin oligodendrocyte

Cerebrospinal fluid immune phenotyping reveals distinct immunotypes of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex heterogeneous multiorgan disease that can have severe impact on individuals' quality of life. Diagnosis of ME/CFS is based on symptom presentation, and a significant goal for the field is to establish meaningful subtypes. The heterogeneity in the literature suggests that individuals living with ME/CFS may suffer from overlapping but different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We enrolled 40 participants with ME/CFS and 41 matched healthy control subjects at the Bragée Clinic in Sweden. We assessed plasma samples f…

Understanding Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Physical Fatigue Through the Perspective of Immunosenescence.

BACKGROUND: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating illness marked by persistent fatigue, yet its mechanisms remain unclear. Growing evidence implicates immunosenescence-the age-related decline in immune function-in the onset and persistence of fatigue. METHODS: This review synthesizes clinical and experimental data to examine how immunosenescence contributes to ME/CFS. We focus on chronic inflammation, senescent immune phenotypes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroendocrine imbalance, with emphasis on maladaptive crosstalk among immune, muscular, neuro…

Adult-onset acute disseminated encephalomyelitis mimicking complex migraine: A CARE-compliant case report.

RATIONALE: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, often triggered by infection or vaccination. It is rare in adults and can mimic other conditions, including complex migraine, leading to potential misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 35-year-old male presented with a progressive course of headache, visual disturbances, and altered mental status after an initial diagnosis of migraine. DIAGNOSES: Initial imaging was nonspecific; however, repeat magnetic resonance imaging showed multifocal high T…

Лечение экспериментального аутоиммунного энцефаломелита с липидными наноппиентами, загруженными сиРНК, нацеливающимися на неоген.

Множественный склероз (MS) развивается из-за аномальной иммунной реакции Т-клеток на автоантигены, и контроль за активацией Т-клеток является основным подходом к его лечению. В настоящем исследовании неогенин, ключевая молекула для активации Т-клеток, использовался в качестве целевой молекулярной генной терапии для MS. Были подготовлены липидные наночастицы (LNPs), нагруженные небольшими посторонними RNA (sIRNA), направленными против неогенина (LNPsiNeo), и их терапевтическое воздействие на экспериментальный аутоиммунный энцефаломиелит (EAE), вызванный миэлином олигодендроцитом гликпротеином,

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops due to an abnormal T-cell immune response to autoantigens and control of T-cell activation is a mainstream … argeting neogenin (LNPsiNeo) were prepared, and their therapeutic effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a model of MS was evaluated. Neogenin gene expression was reduced by LNPsiNeo in mouse EL-4 cells and splenocytes of LNPsiNeo-treated EAE mouse. Additionally, fluorescence-activated cell sorting …

Сипонимо ингибирует связанные с болезнью микроглиа-Т взаимодействие клеток в хронической экспериментальной аутоиммунной энцефаломиэлите.

Хронически воспламененный, реактивный микроглиа представляет собой одну из характерных черт вторичного прогрессивного множественного склероза (СПМС). Особенно их взаимодействие с энцефалитогенными Т клетками приводит к нейроаксональному повреждению, связанному с развитием болезни. В нашем исследовании мы стремились изучить потенциал сипонимода, фосфатного модулятора фингозина-1, который был утвержден для лечения активных СМПС, для подавления связанных с болезнями связей между клетками и микроглией с использованием хронической экспериментальной аутоиммунной энцефаломиелита (EAE) модели MS. Мы о

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Chronically inflamed, reactive microglia represent a prominent feature of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Especially their … bit disease-associated T cell-microglia interactions using a chronic murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. We found that therapeutic siponimod treatment of chronic EAE improved clinical severity accompanied by reduced demyelination and neuroaxonal damage, diminished CNS T cell infiltration and altered proinflammatory microglia response …