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Prevalence of antibodies against orthopoxviruses among residents of Likouala region, Republic of Congo: evidence for monkeypox virus exposure.

Monkeypox virus is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus (OPX) of west and central sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey in Likouala region, Republic of Congo to assess exposure to OPX. Whole blood was collected using Nobuto blood filter strips (NBFS). Titers of IgM and IgG to OPX were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared with serostatus using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate factors for independent association with serostatus. A total of 994 s…

Dynamic shift in the dominant transmission route of clade Ib monkeypox virus across networks with sexual and nonsexual contacts.

The intensifying outbreaks of the novel monkeypox virus clade Ib in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have raised global concern about the potential for wider epidemic spread. Some clade Ib mpox outbreaks have shown a distinct transmission pattern in which transmission associated with both sexual and nonsexual contacts coexist. Here, we characterize these outbreaks in a network epidemic model, which incorporates sexual and nonsexual contacts, and project age- and route-specific transmission potentials under a wide range of scenarios. Our analyses suggest that the dominant route of transmiss…

Clinical characteristics of six fatal cases with advanced HIV and monkeypox virus co-infection in Beijing: A retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent findings on the outbreak of mpox indicate that immunosuppressed people are at significantly higher risk of death. The aims of the research were to provide a summary of the clinical features of mpox fatal cases, explore the effects of immunosuppression, monkeypox virus (MPXV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, and delayed antiretroviral therapy (ART) on prognosis, and offer evidence-based recommendations to inform clinical practices. METHODS: Demographic information, detailed HIV disease characteristics, ART history, mpox clinical features, laboratory results, …

Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert® Mpox and STANDARD™ M10 MPX/OPX for the detection of monkeypox virus.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of two point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of monkeypox virus (MPXV): Xpert® Mpox (Cepheid, Inc., USA) and STANDARD™ M10 MPX/OPX (SD Biosensor, Inc., Korea). METHODS: Diagnostic accuracy of both POC platforms was evaluated using 53 upper-respiratory swabs (URS) and 32 skin lesions swabs (SS) collected from mpox and COVID-19 patients in the UK against the Sansure (Sansure Biotech Inc.) and CDC reference qPCR tests. The analytical sensitivity of both platforms was assessed using a viral isolate from II, B.1 lineage. RES…

A multivalent mRNA vaccine elicits robust immune responses and confers protection in a murine model of monkeypox virus infection.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has re-emerged globally since May 2022, posing a significant public health threat. To address this, we develop two multivalent mRNA vaccine candidates-AAL, encoding three MPXV antigens, and AALI, which combines AAL with an immune-enhancing IFN-α protein. Both vaccines are delivered via mannose-modified lipid nanoparticles to target dendritic cells. Here we show that these vaccines elicit strong antibody responses against vaccinia virus and multiple MPXV clades, induce robust memory B-cell and T-cell responses, and promote dendritic cell maturation. In mouse challenge mod…

Longitudinal viral shedding and antibody response characteristics of men with acute infection of monkeypox virus: a prospective cohort study.

Understanding of infection dynamics is important for public health measures against monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection. Herein, samples from multiple body sites and environmental fomites of 77 acute MPXV infections (HIV co-infection: N = 42) were collected every two to three days and used for detection of MPXV DNA, surface protein specific antibodies and neutralizing titers. Skin lesions show 100% positivity rate of MPXV DNA, followed by rectum (88.16%), saliva (83.78%) and oropharynx (78.95%). Positivity rate of oropharynx decreases rapidly after 7 days post symptom onset (d.p.o), while the rec…

Dual-Target Additively Manufactured Electrochemical Sensor for the Multiplexed Detection of Protein A29 and DNA of Human Monkeypox Virus.

Herein, we present the first 3D-printed electrochemical portable biodevice for the detection of monkeypox virus (MKPV). The electrochemical device consists of two biosensors: an immunosensor and a genosensor specifically designed for the detection of the protein A29 and a target DNA of MKPV, respectively. The electrodes were manufactured using lab-made ultraflexible conductive filaments composed of carbon black, recycled PLA from coffee pods, and castor oil as a plasticizer. The sensors created through 3D printing technology exhibited good reproducibility and repeatability of analytical respon…

Rational design and computational evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine for monkeypox virus: Insights into binding stability and immunological memory.

Multi-epitope vaccines strategically tackle rapidly mutating viruses by targeting diverse epitopes from different proteins, providing a comprehensive and adaptable immune protection approach for enhanced coverage against various viral variants. This research employs a comprehensive approach that includes the mapping of immune cells activating epitopes derived from the six structural glycoproteins (A29L, A30L, A35R, L1R, M1R, and E8L) of Monkeypox virus (Mpox). A total of 7 T-cells-specific epitopes, 13 B-cells-specific epitopes, and 5 IFN-γ activating epitopes were forecasted within these glyc…

Immunohistochemical Analyses of Skin Lesions with Monkeypox Virus A29 and A35 Antibodies: A Novel Insight for Clinical-Histopathological Forms.

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of monkeypox (MPX) and offer meaningful insights into the clinicopathological characteristics. Eight males who have sex with males and were diagnosed with MPX based on positive results from MPX virus (MPXV)-specific polymerase chain reaction were recruited. Skin biopsies were obtained from four selected lesions, including typical and atypical forms. Histopathological examinations of atypical solitary ulceration revealed infiltrating inflammatory cells, predominantly plasma cells and l

SPR Sensor-Based Analysis of the Inhibition of Marine Sulfated Glycans on Interactions between Monkeypox Virus Proteins and Glycosaminoglycans.

Sulfated glycans from marine organisms are excellent sources of naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan (GAG) mimetics that demonstrate therapeutic activities, such as antiviral/microbial infection, anticoagulant, anticancer, and anti-inflammation activities. Many viruses use the heparan sulfate (HS) GAG on the surface of host cells as co-receptors for attachment and initiating cell entry. Therefore, virion-HS interactions have been targeted to develop broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. Here we report the potential anti-monkeypox virus (MPXV) activities of eight defined marine sulfated glyca…

Insights into the Evolution and Host Adaptation of the Monkeypox Virus from a Codon Usage Perspective: Focus on the Ongoing 2022 Outbreak.

The exceptionally widespread outbreak of human monkeypox, an emerging zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), with more than 69,000 confirmed cases in 100 non-endemic countries since 2022, is a major public health concern. Codon usage patterns reflect genetic variation and adaptation to new hosts and ecological niches. However, detailed analyses of codon usage bias in MPXV based on large-scale genomic data, especially for strains responsible for the 2022 outbreak, are lacking. In this study, we analyzed codon usage in MPXV and its relationship with host adaptation. We confirmed the ongo…

Environmental Persistence of Monkeypox Virus on Surfaces in Household of Person with Travel-Associated Infection, Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021.

In July 2021, we conducted environmental sampling at the residence of a person in Dallas, Texas, USA, who had travel-associated human West African monkeypox virus (MPXV-WA). Targeted environmental swab sampling was conducted 15 days after the person who had monkeypox left the household. Results indicate extensive MPXV-WA DNA contamination, and viable virus from 7 samples was successfully isolated in cell culture. There was no statistical difference (p = 0.94) between MPXV-WA PCR positivity of porous (9/10, 90%) vs. nonporous (19/21, 90.5%) surfaces, but there was a significant difference (p<0.…

Evaluation of 11 commercially available PCR kits for the detection of monkeypox virus DNA, Berlin, July to September 2022.

Before the international spread of monkeypox in May 2022, PCR kits for the detection of orthopoxviruses, and specifically monkeypox virus, were rarely available. Here we describe the evaluation of 11 recently developed commercially available PCR kits for the detection of monkeypox virus DNA. All tested kits are currently intended for research use only and clinical performance still needs to be assessed in more detail, but all were suitable for diagnostics of monkeypox virus, with variations in specificity rather than sensitivity.

Филогенетическое сходство вируса обезьяны с человеком, обнаруженным в Камеруне в 2018 году, и с вспышкой вируса 2017 - 2018 годов в Нигерии.

В 2018 году в Камеруне, стране, где с 1989 года не было зарегистрировано ни одного случая заболевания человека, был обнаружен вирус обезьянопокс. Вирус продемонстрировал тесную генетическую связь с другим обезьянопоксом, изолированным в Нигерии во время вспышки 2017 - 2018 годов. Хотя наши молекулярные выводы говорят в пользу распространения вспышки обезьяноксина из Нигерии в Камерун, нельзя исключать возможность того, что обнаруженный вирус обезьянопокс может быть коренным в Камеруне.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
A monkeypox virus was detected from a human clinical case in 2018 in Cameroon; a country where no human cases were reported since 1989. The virus exhibited close genetic relatedness with another monkeypox virus isolated in Nigeria during the 2017-2018 outbreak. Although our molecular findings argue in favor of an extension of the monkeypox outbreak from Nige…

CAST/EiJ and NOG mice as lethal animal models for a 2022 human isolate of monkeypox virus Clade IIb.

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak has caused more than 150,000 infections worldwide since May 2022. The strain MPXV-ROK-P1-2022, isolated from the first patient in South Korea, belongs to the B.1.1 lineage of Clade IIb. To assess whether CAST/EiJ and NOG mice are suitable models for MPXV Clade IIb infection, we experimentally infected these mice with MPXV-ROK-P1-2022 and monitored clinical symptoms and body weight. For polymerase chain reaction, plaque assay, and histopathology, blood, lung, liver, spleen, testis, and brain tissues were collected. The results showed dose dependent lethality,…

Baseline molecular surveillance of monkeypox virus in wildlife and exotic animals during the pre- and early-2022 outbreak in Thailand.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The global outbreak of monkeypox (mpox) in 2022 raised major concerns regarding the potential establishment of new animal reservoirs outside endemic regions. Although human-to-human transmission was the primary driver of the outbreak, reverse zoonotic transmission (spillback) from infected humans to animals could lead to long-term viral persistence in wildlife populations. Thailand, a non-endemic country affected during the 2022 outbreak, has extensive human-animal interfaces involving free-ranging wildlife, exotic pets, and urban scavenging mammals, which may facilitate cr

Case Report of Clade Ib Monkeypox Virus Infection Linked to Travel to Democratic Republic of the Congo, Thailand, 2024.

We report clade Ib monkeypox virus infection in a patient who returned to Thailand from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the subclade epicenter. Improved diagnostic testing, public health response, and surveillance systems for mpox are needed in Thailand, and preexposure mpox vaccination should be considered, especially for high-risk persons.

Squirrel reservoirs of monkeypox virus are sister species separated by the Sanaga River (Cameroon), as are the two main viral clades.

Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease of unclear zoonotic origin in Africa although increasing evidence suggests that rope squirrels are reservoirs of the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Here, we describe new data on the systematics of rope squirrels (Sciuridae, Funisciurus). Our molecular phylogeny strongly supports the polyphyly of Funisciurus pyrropus, with a Central African clade sister to Funisciurus leucogenys and a West African clade sister to Funisciurus anerythrus. Museum specimens show that the two clades have distinct pelage patterns. We propose therefore to resurrect the name Funisci…

The nuclear localization signal of monkeypox virus protein P2 orthologue is critical for inhibition of IRF3-mediated innate immunity.

The Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus of the Poxviridae includes human pathogens variola virus (VARV), monkeypox virus (MPXV), vaccinia virus (VACV), and a number of zoonotic viruses. A number of Bcl-2-like proteins of VACV are involved in escaping the host innate immunity. However, little work has been devoted to the evolution and function of their orthologues in other OPXVs. Here, we found that MPXV protein P2, encoded by the P2L gene, and P2 orthologues from other OPXVs, such as VACV protein N2, localize to the nucleus and antagonize interferon (IFN) production. Exceptions to this were the truncat…

In-silico formulation of a next-generation polyvalent vaccine against multiple strains of monkeypox virus and other related poxviruses.

Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) virus and some related poxviruses including smallpox virus pose a significant threat to public health, and effective prevention and treatment strategies are needed. This study utilized a reverse vaccinology approach to retrieve conserved epitopes for monkeypox virus and construct a vaccine that could provide cross-protection against related viruses with similar antigenic properties. The selected virulent proteins of monkeypox virus, MPXVgp165, and Virion core protein P4a, were subjected to epitope mapping for vaccine construction. Two vaccines were constructe…