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Castration attenuates myelin repair following lysolecithin induced demyelination in rat optic chiasm: an evaluation using visual evoked potential, marker genes expression and myelin staining.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system. MS is the most common neurological disorder in young adults with a greater incidence among females. Male gonadal hormones have a protective effect on neural system development and myelin maturation. In this study, we investigate the effect of castration on lysolecithin-induced demyelination and remyelination processes using visual evoked potentials, in addition to measuring the expressions of Olig2, MBP, Nogo-A and GFAP mRNAs as oligodendrocyte or astrocyte markers; and histological assessments by myeli…

NG2-Glia in Central Nervous System Following Injury: From Pathological Involvement to Repair Potential.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system (CNS) injury remains a severe neurological condition with limited regenerative capacity. NG2-glia are abu … In the middle-to-late stages (days to weeks/months), they shift toward repair functions, including remyelination via differentiation into oligodendrocytes, neuronal trans-differentiation (primarily under forced reprogramming), and anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective effects through interactions with microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Their fate is determined by …

Strength of ERK1/2 MAPK Activation Determines Its Effect on Myelin and Axonal Integrity in the Adult CNS.

UNLABELLED: Myelin growth is a tightly regulated process driven by multiple signals. ERK1/2-MAPK signaling is an important regulator of myelin thickness. Because, in demyelinating diseases, the myelin formed during remyelination fails to achieve normal thickness, increasing ERK1/2 activity in oligodendrocytes is of obvious therapeutic potential for promoting efficient remyelination. However, other studies have suggested that increased levels of ERK1/2 activity could, in fact, have detrimental effects on myelinating cells. Because the strength, duration, or timing of ERK1/2 activation may alter…

Serial magnetization transfer imaging in acute optic neuritis.

In serial studies of multiple sclerosis lesions, reductions in magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) are thought to be due to demyelination and axonal loss, with later rises due to remyelination. This study followed serial changes in MTR in acute optic neuritis in combination with clinical and electrophysiological measurements to determine if the MTR changes over time mirror the picture in multiple sclerosis lesions, further validating MTR as a marker of tissue integrity. Twenty-nine patients were recruited who had acute optic neuritis for a median of 13 days (range 7-24 days) since the onset of …

Bridging Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapies.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a complex interplay between inflammation and neurodegeneration that evolves over time. Although current immunotherapies effectively reduce relapses in relapsing-remitting MS, they fail to prevent long-term progression, particularly in progressive subtypes of MS. This review explores the mechanisms linking inflammation to axonal loss, with an emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and microglial activity. It also critically evaluates the limitations of existing disease-modifying therapies in addressing progression independent of rela

Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework.

Traditionally, multiple sclerosis has been categorised by distinct clinical descriptors-relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and prim … and neurodegeneration, coupled with failure of compensatory mechanisms, such as neuroplasticity and remyelination. Ageing increases neural susceptibility to injury and decreases resilience. These observations encourage a new consideration of the course of multiple sclerosis as a spectrum defined by the relative contributions of overlapping pathological and repa …

Pathology and physiology of auditory neuropathy with a novel mutation in the MPZ gene (Tyr145->Ser).

We studied a family with hereditary sensory motor neuropathy and deafness accompanying a missense mutation in the MPZ gene. Pathological exa … e auditory nerve adjacent to the brainstem showed marked loss of fibres with evidence of incomplete remyelination of some of the remaining fibres. Studies of auditory function in surviving family members using electrophysiological and psychoacoustic methods provided evidence that the hearing deficits in this form of auditory neuropathy were probably related to …

Expression of complement components in the peripheral nervous system.

We have generated a SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) library of normal sciatic nerve and found tags encoding for mRNAs of the compl … s needed for efficient clearance of myelin after injury: a prerequisite for normal regeneration and remyelination of the peripheral nerve.

Olfactory ensheathing cells: historical perspective and therapeutic potential.

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the glial cells that ensheath the axons of the first cranial nerve. They are attracting increasing attention from neuroscientists as potential therapeutic agents for use in the repair of spinal cord injury and as a source of myelinating glia for use in remyelinating axons in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. This review mainly addresses the cell biological aspects of OECs pertinent to addressing two questions. Namely, where do OECs fit into the groupings of central nervous system (CNS)/peripheral nervous system (PNS) glial cells and shoul

Heparanome-Mediated Rescue of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Quiescence following Inflammatory Demyelination.

The proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, which is chronically elevated in multiple sclerosis, induces pathologic quiescence in human oligodendroc … logic quiescence in the inflamed and demyelinated human brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis contributes to neurologic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The activation and proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is a necessary step in the recruitment phase of remyelination. Here, we show that the proi …

FastSurfer-CC: A robust, accurate, and comprehensive framework for corpus callosum morphometry.

The corpus callosum, the largest commissural structure in the human brain, is a central focus in research on aging and neurological diseases. It is also a critical target for interventions such as deep brain stimulation and serves as an important biomarker in clinical trials, including those investigating remyelination therapies. Despite extensive research on corpus callosum segmentation, few publicly available tools provide a comprehensive and automated analysis pipeline. To address this gap, we present FastSurfer-CC, an efficient and fully automated framework for corpus callosum morphometry.…

Sexual Dimorphism in Spinal Cord Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) shows pronounced biological sex differences in incidence and short-term outcomes, yet mechanistic studies and therapeutic development are not consistently sex-informed. Here we summarize evidence that sex hormones, sex-chromosome effects and immune-glial interactions shape key components of the secondary injury cascade, including blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cell death and remyelination. Estrogens and progesterone generally support barrier stabilization, temper leukocyte infiltration, bias microglia/macroph…

A comparative transcriptomic analysis of mouse demyelination models and multiple sclerosis lesions.

Demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), are characterized by loss of myelin and progressive neurodegeneration. It remains … nverge on an immune responsive OL state expressing Socs3, B2m, and interferon-response genes during remyelination. Mouse microglia share a conserved activation program, although LPC drives a stronger, prolonged response. However, neither model captures the oligodendrocyte progenitor and microglial heterogeneity observed in MS. These results provide a cross-mode …

Effects of thyroid disruption on neural cells stem fate in the mouse brain.

Thyroid hormones (THs), particularly T3 and T4, play crucial roles in neural development and maintenance by regulating neural stem cell (NSC … s, PFOS exposure during critical window of brain development reduced myelin production and impaired remyelination processes. These effects were linked to TH modulation and were partially reversible with T3 supplementation. Research underscores the vulnerability of neurogliogenic niches to TH disruption and calls for further investigation into long-term impacts …

Transcriptional dynamics of the oligodendrocyte lineage and its regulation by the brain erythropoietin system.

Oligodendrocytes differentiate from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) in early postnatal development, but some oligodendrogenesis is ma … ese gain- and loss-of-function experiments may further suggest EPO as clinically safe treatment for remyelination therapies.

DNA Nanostructures for Modular Growth Factor Delivery and Peripheral Nerve Repair.

Severe peripheral nerve injuries cause significant functional impairments due to limited regenerative capacity. Growth factors such as brain … DNF-functionalized SQBs modestly improved functional recovery, reduced muscle atrophy, and enhanced remyelination compared to the untreated crush group. Histological analysis revealed increased myelin sheath thickness and improved axonal integrity. These findings underscore potential SQBs as programmable and spatially precise delivery systems for neuroregenerat …

Метформин изменяет метаболизм, связанный с митохондрией, и укрепляет функцию человека олигодендроцита.

Метформин омовеняет клетки потомства взрослых крыс олигодендроцитов (КОП), что позволяет более эффективно дифференцировать олигодендроциты и улучшить ремиелионацию, и поэтому представляет интерес в качестве терапевтического средства для лечения таких демиелинизирующих заболеваний, как множественный склероз (МС). Здесь мы проверяем, оказывает ли метформин аналогичное воздействие на производные стволовых клеток человека. Мы оцениваем, насколько хорошо модели, моделирующие монокультуру человека, органоид и химера, моделируют в взрослом человеке олигодендроциты, обнаруживая самое близкое сходство

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Metformin rejuvenates adult rat oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) allowing more efficient differentiation into oligodendrocytes and improved remyelination, and therefore is of interest as a therapeutic in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we test whether metformin has a similar effect in human stem cell derived-OPCs. We asse…

Нейротрофные факторы в множественном склерозе.

Запах воспаления и нейродегенерация, вызванные главным образом внутрипаренхимальной активацией иммунных клеток и глиарной дисфункцией, по-прежнему являются одной из основных терапевтических проблем в случае множественного склероза (MS) и в значительной степени способствуют развитию инвалидности. Текущая медикаментозная терапия, направленная на изменение состояния заболеваний, реально снижает коэффициент рецидива и, в меньшей степени, прогрессирует в развитии заболеваний, ориентируясь на периферийные иммунные клетки. В то же время они в значительной степени не решают проблемы, связанные с интри

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Smoldering inflammation and neurodegeneration, primarily driven by intraparenchymal immune cell activation and glial dysfunction, remains a … the CNS. They promote anti-inflammatory, protective phenotypes in astrocytes and microglia, support remyelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor recruitment, maturation and survival, and exert direct neuroprotective effects. Exploring their role in MS offers a novel perspective on neuroimmune crosstalk and prevention of progressive neurodegeneration. In …

Нацеливание внеклеточной матрицы на компоненты для ослабления микроглиа нейроинфламмации: исследование фибулин-2 и CSPG в модели множественного склероза.

Важную роль в центральной нервной системе (ЦНС) играет внеклеточная матрица (ИКМ), которая формирует структуру и функции тканей, а также способствует патологии таких хронических заболеваний, как множественный склероз (МС). Компоненты УОР, включая фибулин-2 (FBLN2) и протеогликаны сульфата хондроитата (CSPG), могут оказывать воздействие на нейроинфламмацию и ремиилизацию. Мы изучили способность FBLN2 к модуляции иммунной реакции и оценили ее взаимодействие с CSPG в экспериментальном аутоиммунном энцефаломиелите (EAE), общей модели для MS. Мы показываем, что дефицит FBLN2 в мышах EAE уменьшил ми

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS), shaping tissue structure and functions as well a … g fibulin-2 (FBLN2) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), may impact neuroinflammation and remyelination. We investigated the capacity of FBLN2 to modulate immune responses and evaluated its interaction with CSPGs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a common model for MS. We show that FBLN2 deficiency in EAE mice reduced microglial pro- …

Conductive Hydrogel Conduits with Growth Factor Gradients for Peripheral Nerve Repair in Diabetics with Non-Suture Tape.

Diabetic patients suffer from peripheral nerve injury with slow and incomplete regeneration owing to hyperglycemia and microvascular complic … e better performance than uniform concentration caused by chemotaxis phenomenon for axon extension, remyelination, and angiogenesis. Altogether, GelMA/silk graphene conduit with gradient netrin-1 and dry double-sided adhesive tape can significantly promote repairing of peripheral nerve injury and inhibit the atrophy of muscles for diabetics.