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Competitive selection in vivo by a cell for one variant over another: implications for RNA virus quasispecies in vivo.

Infidelity of genome applications of RNA viruses leads to the generation of viral quasispecies both in vitro and in vivo. However, the biological significance of such generated variants in vivo is largely unknown and controversial. To study this issue, we continued our evaluation of the tropism of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) variant termed clone 13 with its parental virus clonal pool ARM 53b (wild-type parent) for neuronal cells in vivo. Earlier in vivo and in vitro studies noted that the wild-type virus contained a Phe at glycoprotein (GP) residue 260 which correlated with neu…

Pharmacotherapy of the spleen and stomach in Li Shizhen's Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of materia medica, 1596): a text-statistical analysis of 994 entries and a bridge to modern pharmacology.

BACKGROUND: Bencao Gangmu (, 1596), Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, is among the most comprehensive pre-modern compilations of Ea … ngmu; to characterize the resulting pharmacopoeia by plant identity, taste-nature (qi-wei), channel tropism (gui-jing), declared function, indication and preparation form; and to relate the most frequently recorded botanical drugs to current pharmacological evidence on gastrointestinal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Jinling (1596) edition was search …

Patterns of inflammation and immune activation by coreceptor use in people living with HIV-1.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilizes either the CCR5 (R5) or CXCR4 (X4) coreceptor for host cell entry. Coreceptor switching from R5 to X4 and elevated immune activation have been associated with disease progression. X4-tropic HIV-1 is predominantly observed in the late stage of infection, when the immune environment characterized by chronic activation is optimal for their replication. The aim of this study was to determine viral tropism in late HIV presenters and who have not previously received treatment in Mexico City and its relationship with markers of chroni…

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) induce dose-dependent neonatal ventriculomegaly following intracerebroventricular administration.

Cell-type-specific expression of synthetic/endogenous proteins or genetic sequences has significantly advanced our understanding of the central nervous system (CNS). Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivery to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mediates transfection of target cells to enable sustained delivery of secretory proteins into the CSF, offering promising avenues for both CNS therapy and mechanistic studies. However, despite the advantages afforded by AAV tropism-based cellular selectivity and transgene delivery, both preclinical studies and clinical trials report short- and long-term adverse eff…

Clinical use, efficacy, and durability of maraviroc for antiretroviral therapy in routine care: A European survey.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to survey maraviroc use and assess effectiveness and durability of maraviroc-containing antiretroviral treatment (ART) in routine practice across Europe. METHODS: Data were retrieved from 26 cohorts in 8 countries comprising adults who started maraviroc in 2005-2016 and had ≥1 follow-up visit. Available V3 sequences were re-analysed centrally for tropism determination by geno2pheno[coreceptor]. Treatment failure (TF) was defined as either virological failure (viral load >50 copies/mL) or maraviroc discontinuation for any reason over 48 weeks. Predictors of TF were …

Hepatitis E virus-induced primary cutaneous CD30(+) T cell lymphoproliferative disorder.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Several types of unexplained extra-hepatic manifestations, including haematological disorders, have been reported in the context of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of these manifestations are unknown. We provide evidence that HEV has an extra-hepatic endothelial tropism that can engage cutaneous T cells towards clonality. METHODS: A patient with a CD30(+) cutaneous T cell lymphoproliferative disorder (T-LPD) and biopsy-proven chronic HEV infection received three rounds of oral ribavirin treatment, administered either without or with in…

Characterization of human coronaviruses on well-differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures.

The human airway serves as the entry point of human respiratory viruses, including human coronaviruses. In this chapter we outline the methods by which we establish fully differentiated airway epithelium and its use for human coronavirus propagation. Additionally, we outline methods for immunofluorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism, and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication.

Herpes simplex virus infection induces necroptosis of neurons and astrocytes in human fetal organotypic brain slice cultures.

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, affecting both adults and n … d virus culture. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were detected by PCR. Cell tropism and HSV-induced neuropathology were determined by IHC analysis. Finally, the in situ data of HSV-infected hfOBSC were compared to the neuropathology detected in human HSE brain sections. RESULTS: Slicing and serum-free culture conditions were optim …

Нейротропизм высокопассажирского штамма XJ вируса Хунина.

Гвинейская свиная инфекция с высоко прошедшим прототипом XJ вируса Хунина по внутримышечному маршруту (IM) была проведена для изучения вирусной трофической модификации в этом носителе. Невротропизм этого штамма был продемонстрирован вирусной изоляцией, менингитом и присутствием антигенов Хунина, о чем свидетельствует иммунофлюоресценция. Эти события, которые ранее не наблюдались с одним и тем же штаммом нижнего прохода, выявили появление нейротропизма после нескольких проходов в морских свиньях.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Guinea pig infection with a highly passaged XJ prototype strain of Junín virus by the intramuscular route (IM) was carried out in order to study viral tropism modification in this host. The neurotropism of this strain was demonstrated by viral isolation, meningitis, and by the presence of Junín antigens as shown by immunofluorescence. These events, not previ…

Development of a Gene Therapy with Lentiviral Vectors for Spinocerebellar Ataxias.

Among viral vectors, lentiviral vectors allow an efficient delivery of nucleic acid to the target cells due to its ability of gene integration into host genome and broad tropism. In this sense, this tool demonstrated to be very promising in genetic disorders, such as polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias. Therefore, we describe a protocol that explains in detail the production, purification, and injection of lentiviral vectors in a spinocerebellar ataxia mouse model.

[Thoracic involvement in Behçet's vasculitis].

Thoracic involvement of Behcet's disease is unusual but serious. It is related to the well known vascular tropism of the disease. It may involve the superior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, aorta and subclavian vessels. Imaging is useful for diagnosis and assess the degree of thoracic involvement. CT scan and MRI are obviously more accurate than angiography. The spectrum of thoracic manifestations of the disease is presented based on a review of 22 cases.

V3-Loop genotypes do not predict maraviroc susceptibility of CCR5-tropic virus or clinical response through week 48 in HIV-1-infected, treatment-experienced persons receiving optimized background regimens.

Viruses from 15 of 35 maraviroc-treated participants with virologic failure and CCR5-tropic (R5) virus in the MOTIVATE studies at Week 24 ha … -failure associations with variants 4L, 11R, and 19S (P < 0.05). However, 11R is a marker for CXCR4 tropism, whereas neither 4L nor 19S was reliably associated with reduced maraviroc susceptibility in R5 failure. These findings from a large study of V3-loop sequences confirm lack of correlation between V3-loop genotype and clinical outcome in participants …

The influence of ionizing radiation on spore germination and emergent hyphal growth response reactions of microfungi.

The accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station resulted in radiation contamination of large tracts of land and particularly the reactor building itself. Sustained exposure of microfungi to radiation appears to have resulted in formerly unknown adaptive features, such as directed growth of fungi to sources of ionizing radiation. We evaluate here spore germination and subsequent emergent hyphal growth of microfungi in the presence of pure gamma or mixed beta and gamma radiation of fungi isolated from a range of long term background radiation levels. Conidiospore suspensions were exposed to

Efficiencies and kinetics of infection in different cell types/lines by African and Asian strains of Zika virus.

After recent outbreaks, Zika virus (ZIKV) was linked to severe neurological diseases including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and microcephaly in newborns. The severities of pathological manifestations have been associated with different ZIKV strains. To better understand the tropism of ZIKV, we infected 10 human and four nonhuman cell lines (types) with two African (IbH30656 and MR766) and two Asian (PRVABC59 and H/FP/2013) ZIKV strains. Cell susceptibility to ZIKV infection was determined by examining viral titers, synthesis of viral proteins, and replication of positive and negative stra…

Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoproliferative processes: an update for the diagnostic pathologist.

The Epstein-Barr virus is an orally transmitted herpesvirus that is widespread in human populations and exhibits marked B-cell tropism. It is associated with more human neoplasms than any other known virus, and its role in the pathogenesis of such neoplasms has been the subject of intense investigation. This review presents an overview and update of the biology of Epstein-Barr virus and the diagnostic features of lymphoproliferative disorders associated with this intriguing human pathogen.

Organ-Specific Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Ischemic Acute Organ Injury: Mechanisms, Successes, and Prospects.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathological process underlying numerous acute organ failures and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis, and organ transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have demonstrated considerable therapeutic potential, but their broad tropism and general repair signaling may limit their efficacy. This review addresses the emerging paradigm of using organ-specific EVs for the treatment of I/R injury in the respective organs. We summarize the ex…

Sacciform aneurysm of the right common iliac artery in Behcet's disease treated with EVAR: Case report.

INTRODUCTION: Behcet's disease is a systemic vasculitis with vascular tropism usually manifested by phlebitis. Arterial manifestations are rare, most often result in aneurysms than occlusions. The objective of this article, is to relate our experience and pretherapeutic reasoning for the indication of an endovascular treatment of an atypical sacciform iliac aneurysm, in an elderly patient followed for Behcet's disease. CASE REPORT: This is a 73-year-old patient, followed for Behcet's disease under immunosuppressive treatment and corticosteroids treatment, admitted to our structure, for the su…

A large panel of chicken cells are invaded in vivo by Salmonella Typhimurium even when depleted of all known invasion factors.

Poultry are the main source of human infection by Salmonella. As infected poultry are asymptomatic, identifying infected poultry farms is difficult, thus controlling animal infections is of primary importance. As cell tropism is known to govern disease, our aim was therefore to identify infected host-cell types in the organs of chicks known to be involved in Salmonella infection and investigate the role of the three known invasion factors in this process (T3SS-1, Rck and PagN). Chicks were inoculated with wild-type or isogenic fluorescent Salmonella Typhimurium mutants via the intracoelomic ro…

Neuropathogenesis caused by Trypanosoma brucei, still an enigma to be unveiled.

Trypanosoma brucei is one of the protozoa parasites that can enter the brain and cause injury associated with toxic effects of parasite-derived molecules or with immune responses against infection. Other protozoa parasites with brain tropism include Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Amoeba, and, eventually, other Trypanosomatids such as T. cruzi and Leishmania. Together, these parasites affect billions of people worldwide and are responsible for more than 500.000 deaths annually. Factors determining brain tropism, mechanisms of invasion as well as processes ongoing inside the brain are not well understo…

The eye as the discrete but defensible portal of coronavirus infection.

Oculo-centric factors may provide a key to understanding invasion success by SARS-CoV-2, a highly contagious, potentially lethal, virus with ocular tropism. Respiratory infection transmission via the eye and lacrimal-nasal pathway elucidated during the 1918 influenza pandemic, remains to be explored in this crisis. The eye and its adnexae represent a large surface area directly exposed to airborne viral particles and hand contact. The virus may bind to corneal and conjunctival angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and potentially to the lipophilic periocular skin and superficial tea…