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Cadmium inhibits molting of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense by reducing the hemolymph ecdysteroid content and the activities of chitinase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in the epidermis.

Molting is an essential process during the growth of crustaceans, which is coordinated by ecdysteroids secreted by the Y-organ, molting inhi … Cd for 3, 4, 5 days or in some experiments for 4 days after eyestalk-ablation. The concentration of hemolymph ecdysone and the activities of the molting enzymes chitinase and NAG were measured. Histological changes in the epidermal tissues were documented. Our results showed that eyestalk ablation increased the ecdysteroid content as well as the activities …

MiR-146/TNF-α/IL-6/osteocalcin crosstalk in anti-rheumatic potential of Galleria mellonella hemolymph from computational molecular modeling to in-vivo validation.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune illness that persistently and recurrently affects joints. In RA, miR-146a functions … bee products and food security, and drives economic losses in the therapeutic market. Accordingly, hemolymph has crucial defensive and immunological effects in insects and has recently been investigated as an immunomodulatory agent in parasitic in-vitro and in-vivo rat models. This work was designed to elucidate the potential immunomodulatory impact of G. …

Surface antigens of Xenorhabdus nematophila (F. Enterobacteriaceae) and Bacillus subtilis (F. Bacillaceae) react with antibacterial factors of Malacosoma disstria (C. Insecta: O. Lepidoptera) hemolymph.

Previous research established different interactions of the insect pathogen, Xenorhabdus nematophila and nonpathogen, Bacillus subtilis, wit … . Endotoxin elevated the level of damaged hemocytes limiting the removal of X. nematophila from the hemolymph and enhancing the rapid release of bacteria trapped by nodulation. Similar effects were observed with the lipid A moiety of the endotoxin. The effects of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A on the hemocyte activities were abrogated by polymyxin B (an ant …

Manipulation of the shore crab Metopograpsus thukuhar by the parasitic barnacle Polyascus planus (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala): Effects of the parasitism on hemolymph parameters and rootlet-infiltrated tissues of the host.

The present study assessed the impact of parasitism of Polyascus planus on the hemolymph parameters and rootlet-infiltrated tissues of the shore crab Metopograpsus thukuhar. First, hemolymph parameters were compared between hosts harboring internal infection (Hit) and non-parasitized host crabs (Hnp). The percentage of Hit with culturable bacteria in the hemolymph was significantly higher than that of Hnp when samples were cultured on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar, but the difference between Hit and Hnp was statistically insignificant when samples were cultured on Vibrio-selective X-VP agar. In addi…

Imidacloprid decreases energy production in the hemolymph and fat body of western honeybees even though, in sublethal doses, it increased the values of six of the nine compounds in the respiratory and citric cycle.

BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid (IM), cause harm to Apis mellifera in a number of ways, among others by impairing body maintenance, resistance and immunity. Energy resources are important to preventing this, as we hypothesized, not only in the hemolymph but particularly in the fat body, the insufficiently investigated, as yet, equivalent of the mammalian liver and pancreas. Both suppression and hormesis (diaphasic stressor response) of energy supply was reported in the energy-dependent traits of bees exposed to sublethal doses of imidacloprid. Therefore, our goal was to answ…

Impact of Monofloral Pollen Diets on the Development of Hypopharyngeal Glands and Modulation of Enzymatic, Non-Enzymatic, and Ionic Biomarker Activities in Selected Fat Body Segments and Hemolymph of Apis mellifera Workers.

The homogenization of landscapes and reduction in floral diversity have increasingly led to low diversity in pollen diets for honey bees. In this study, we examined the effects of monofloral pollen diets based on wind-pollinated (Corylus sp., Pinus sp.) and insect-pollinated plants (Brassica napus L., Phacelia sp., Solidago sp., Fagopyrum sp.) on the development of hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs), activities of enzymatic (AST, ALT, ALP, GGTP) and non-enzymatic (urea, uric acid) biomarkers, as well as magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations in the hemolymph and fat bodies from different …

Evaluation of real-time qPCR-based methods to detect the DNA of the three protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii in the tissue and hemolymph of blue mussels (M. edulis).

The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted to humans through shellfish consumption. No standardized methods are available for their detection in these foods, and the performance of the applied methods are rarely described in occurrence studies. Through spiking experiments, we characterized different performance criteria (e.g. sensitivity, estimated limit of detection (eLD95METH), parasite DNA recovery rates (DNA-RR)) of real-time qPCR based-methods for the detection of the three protozoa in mussel's tissues and hemolymph. Digestion…

Изоляция чувствительной клеточной системы центрифуги 52 штаммов пятнистой лихорадочной группы рикетсиа из клещей, собранных во Франции.

Ботнонозная лихорадка, вызванная Рикитсией conorii, передается главным образом коричневым собачьим клещом Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Мы собрали 540 клещей в Марселе, Франция, и попытались изолировать как можно больше штаммов рикетсии. По результатам гемолимфного теста и новой культурной системы, технологии центрифугирования и пузырька в скорлупе, была проведена оценка присутствия рикетсии. Мы избегали загрязнения в системе культуры. До того, как клещи были представлены на гемолимфный тест, они были дезинфицированы. Лишь 5,6 процента (27 из 478) культур были заражены. Капля гемолимфы из каждого

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Boutonneuse fever caused by Rickettsia conorii is transmitted mainly by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. We collected 540 ticks in Marseille, France, and tried to isolate as many strains of rickettsia as possible. Ticks were evaluated for the presence of rickettsia by the hemolymph test and by a new culture system, the centrifugation-shell vial …

Venom of Euplectrus separatae causes hyperlipidemia by lysis of host fat body cells.

Although the lepidopteran larva Pseudaletia separata is attacked by the gregarious ectoparasitoid Euplectrus separatae, it continues to feed and grow. Lipid concentration in the hemolymph of the parasitized host was higher than that of the nonparasitized host from 3 to 8 days after parasitization. Artificial injection of parasitoid venom also elevated lipid concentration in the host hemolymph. One day after venom injection the host's fat body contained many lipid particles, but most of the lipid particles disappeared 7 days later. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed th…

Insights from the shotgun-based proteomics analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata.

Biomphalaria glabrata is an important host in the transmission of human schistosomiasis in the Caribbean and South America. Therefore, it is of interest to analyse the proteome data of Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph to identify immunity related proteins in host-pathogen relationship. We used shotgun proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of the non-depleted and depleted [0.5 and 0.75% Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) depletion] hemolymph of B. glabrata (LE strain). Analysis showed 148 proteins from the hemolymph. 148 were obtained from the 0.5% TFA-depleted sample. 62 proteins follow this from the 0.…

Developmental and sex-dependent regulation of storage protein synthesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

The mechanism of sex-dependent expression of a major plasma protein, referred to as storage protein 1 (SP-1) was studied during development of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. SP-1 occurred in the hemolymph of the female as well as in the male larvae until the end of the fourth larval instar. In the last instar larvae, the amount of SP-1 in the hemolymph greatly increased in females, but markedly declined in males. The level of fat body mRNA for SP-1 reflected the developmental and sex-dependent changes in the hemolymph concentration of SP-1. The developmental patterns of hemolymph proteins in the t…

Feeding state-specific hormonal tuning of neural circuit modulation.

Studies of hormone influences on neural circuits and behavior have primarily focused on the manipulation of individual hormones. Here, we ex … stric mill rhythm, whereas this rhythm occurred more frequently when 1 µM G-SIFamide was applied in hemolymph from an unfed crab and even more often in 1-h postfed hemolymph. No novel gastric mill neuron activity occurred under these latter conditions, suggesting that hemolymph strengthened the G-SIFamide actions. Supporting this suggestion, 10 µM G-SIFamid …

Membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase in gills of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

The presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) on the basal membrane of the branchial endothelial cells in the blue crab and its physiological significance were studied in vivo using a membrane-impermeant CA inhibitor, quaternary ammonium sulfanilamide (QAS). Injection of QAS into the hemolymph of Callinectes sapidus resulted in the rapid development of a respiratory acidosis; PCO2 rose almost 2 Torr, pH was lowered by approximately 0.25 units, and total CO2 rose by 2 mM. These results support the hypothesis that membrane-associated CA exposed to hemolymph is present in the crustacean gill…

Echinostoma paraensei: hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata as targets of echinostome mediated interference with host snail resistance to Schistosoma mansoni.

Earlier in vivo work by Lie et al. (1977) indicated that the innate resistance of the 10R2 strain of Biomphalaria glabrata to PR1 Schistosoma mansoni could be interfered with if the snails were infected previously with another trematode, Echinostoma paraensei. We have studied this interference phenomenon using in vitro methods in an attempt to understand its mechanistic basis. Hemolymph, derived from 10R2 snails infected with E. paraensei for 14-28 days, killed 25% of S. mansoni sporocysts in vitro, significantly less (P less than 0.001) than the 90% killing rate observed with hemolymph from u…

Ion transport peptide and ion transport peptide-like regulate ecdysis behavior and water transport during ecdysis in Gryllus bimaculatus.

Ion transport peptide (ITP) and ITP-like (ITPLs) are pleiotropic bioactive peptides in insects. Although the contribution of these peptides … ous knockdown of itp and itpls disrupted ecdysis behavior and water transport from the gut into the hemolymph during molting. Nevertheless, knockdown of itpls without influencing itp expression did not significantly affect ecdysis behavior but caused a reduction in hemolymph mass. Although water transport into the hemolymph is considered necessary for the s …

Regulation of body volume by salivation in a tick challenged with fluid loads.

Injection into the hemolymph of 1.2% NaCl, 11.2% sucrose, 2.3% urea (all approximately isosmotic to hemolymph), or distilled water induced salivary fluid secretion in the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch. Saline gave the largest response at high doses. Injection of hyperosmotic NaCL into the hemolymph did not induce salivation but led to the drinking of distilled water in amounts sufficient to dilute the salt load to isosmolarity. Atropine only partially inhibited salivation induced by NaCl, sucrose, and distilled water. Reserpine markedly inhibited salivation induced by NaCl. We propose th…

Cryptococcus neoformans MET5 Gene is not Essential for Virulence in the Silkworm Infection Model.

The involvement of the MET5 gene in virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans was examined using the silkworm Bombyx mori infection model. In the virulence assay, the met5Δ mutant showed virulence not significantly different from the wild-type strain, suggesting that the MET5 gene is not essential for full virulence of C. neoformans. The effect of silkworm hemolymph on the survival of the met5Δ mutant was also tested. The C. neoformans met5Δ strain incubated in the silkworm hemolymph for five days remained viable, suggesting that silkworm hemolymph supports survival of the met5Δ strain.

A Comparative Study of Body Lice and Bed Bugs Reveals Factors Potentially Involved in Differential Vector Competence for the Relapsing Fever Spirochete Borrelia recurrentis.

Borrelia recurrentis is the causative agent of louse-borne relapsing fever and the only Borrelia species transmitted by an insect rather tha … e pathogen. We fed bed bugs B. recurrentis and estimated the level and duration of infection in the hemolymph using live imaging. We performed quantitative PCR (qPCR) to examine whole-body spirochete levels and the occurrence of vertical transmission to progeny. We also developed an assay to compare the amounts of force required to release infectious hemoly …

[Immunologic and parasitologic aspects of Biomphalaria tenagophila infected by Schistosoma mansoni and other Digenea].

The behavior of Biomphalaria tenagophila amoebocytes was studied in infections produced by Schistosoma mansoni and other Digenea. The resistance to superinfection was also verified in mixed infections. Data on amoebocyte phagocytic activity, on the number of amoebocytes in hemolymph, and on amoebocyte tissue reactions were obtained and electrophoretic and immunodiffusion examinations of the hemolymph were carried out. It was concluded that the snails infected with Digenea show resistance to superinfection with S. mansoni. Apparently sporocysts are not destroyed by the action of amoebocytes. An…

Facilitation of CO2 excretion by carbonic anhydrase located on the surface of the basal membrane of crab gill epithelium.

An isolated perfused crab gill preparation was used to test the hypotheses that crab gill carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the efflux of CO2 from the hemolymph, which lacks the enzyme, to the ambient medium and that the CA is localized on the luminal surface of the basal membrane. It was found that the efflux of CO2 from the internal perfusate was sensitive to the flow rate of the internal perfusate through the gill (and thus the residence time within the gill). The sensitivity of the CO2 efflux to residence time was nearly abolished upon treatment of the gill with an impermeable dextran-boun…