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Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries.

High-resolution ultrasound (US) has helped to characterize the "tennis leg injury" (TL). However, no specific classifications with prognostic value exist. This study proposes a medial head of the gastrocnemius injury classification based on sonographic findings and relates this to the time to return to work (RTW) and return to sports (RTS) to evaluate the prognostic value of the classification. 115 subjects (64 athletes and 51 workers) were retrospectively reviewed to asses specific injury location according to medial head of the gastrocnemius anatomy (myoaponeurotic junction; gastrocnemius ap…

[Cholangiocarcinoma-diagnosis, classification, and molecular alterations].

BACKGROUND: The entity cholangiocarcinoma comprises various malignant epithelial neoplasms of different morphology, etiology, and pathogenesis. AIM: In this review, the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, classification, and molecular alterations of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are summarized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This review is based on the currently available literature and personal knowledge. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Cholangiocarcinomas are morphologically and molecularly diverse neoplasms that can develop ubiquitously in the biliary tract. Since there is a signif…

Pangenomic Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are common, with five main histological subtypes: lactotroph, somatotroph, and thyrotroph (POU1F1/PIT1 lineage); corticotroph (TBX19/TPIT lineage); and gonadotroph (NR5A1/SF1 lineage). We report a comprehensive pangenomic classification of PitNETs. PitNETs from POU1F1/PIT1 lineage showed an epigenetic signature of diffuse DNA hypomethylation, with transposable elements expression and chromosomal instability (except for GNAS-mutated somatotrophs). In TPIT lineage, corticotrophs were divided into three classes: the USP8-mutated with overt secretion, the …

Occupational Rhinitis: Classification, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Occupational rhinitis (OR), an inflammatory disease of the nose, refers to any nasal symptoms reported to be work-related. The purpose of this review is to provide a current overview of the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of OR. RECENT FINDINGS: Occupational rhinitis (OR) can further be classified into allergic or non-allergic depending on the causative agent(s) and pathogenesis. Presenting symptoms are similar to non-OR including nasal congestion, anterior and posterior rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching. Despite its high prevalence in a spectrum of workplace…

Myopathic Blepharoptoses: A New Classification System.

PURPOSE: Myopathic blepharoptoses (ptoses) is a complex group of disorders. To date, no formal categorization scheme has been developed based on associated ocular and systemic findings, genetic fingerprint, treatment, and prognosis for each ptosis in this group. We report a new classification scheme for myopathic ptoses. METHODS: Literature review and classification development. RESULTS: A new classification scheme of myopathic ptoses includes isolated static myopathic ptosis (congenital ptosis), static myopathic ptosis associated with aberrant innervation and those associated with periocula…

Blunt chest trauma: classification and management.

Blunt chest wall injuries are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in trauma patients. Accurate identification and description of chest wall injuries by the radiologist can aid in guiding proper patient management. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) has devised a classification system based on severity. This article describes the features of each injury grade according to the AAST injury scale and discusses the implications for management. Additionally, common mechanisms of blunt chest trauma and multimodal imaging techniques are discussed.

Classification systems for platelet-rich plasma.

There is good scientific rationale to support the use of growth factors to promote musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. However, the clinica … Furthermore, the reporting of blood-derived products in orthopaedics is limited by the multiple PRP classification systems available, which makes comparison of results between studies challenging. Several attempts have been made to characterize and classify PRP; however, no consensus has been reached, and there is lack of a comprehensive and validated classifica …

EULAR/ACR classification criteria for SLE.

Supported by both the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) from the beginning, a large transatlantic, and in many phases worldwide, project has led to new classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The project had ambitious goals, particularly maintaining the high specificity of the ACR criteria, while reaching a sensitivity close to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) 2012 criteria. The validation data suggest that the new criteria reached this goal, with a specificity of 93% (as for the ACR c…

Новая классификация и номенклатура филовирусных заболеваний.

Недавняя крупная вспышка вируса Эбола в Западной Африке привела к значительному увеличению накопления генотипических, фенотипических и клинических данных человека и к лучшему пониманию спектра клинических проявлений. В результате этого классификация болезней ВОЗ по ЭВД подверглась серьезному пересмотру.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The recent large outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Western Africa resulted in greatly increased accumulation of human genotypic, phenotypic and clinical data, and improved our understanding of the spectrum of clinical manifestations. As a result, the WHO disease classification of EVD underwent major revision.

[MALLET FINGER - DIAGNOSIS, CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT].

Mallet finger is a common injury involving the extensor mechanism of the finger. It presents as an inability to extend the distal phalanx of the digit. In the right clinical setting, a thorough examination should be performed and supplemented by adequate radiographs. The mechanism of injury is usually a direct blow to an extended finger causing hyperflexion or hyperextension of the distal phalanx. Common occurrences are in young adults during sporting activities or in minor falls or trauma in osteoporotic individuals. Treatment includes use of a splint which maintains the distal phalanx in ext

Round Cell Tumors: Classification and Immunohistochemistry.

Round cell tumors as the name suggest are comprised round cells with increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. This group of tumor includes entities such as peripheral neuroectodermal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, Wilms' tumor, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor. These round cells tumors are characterized by typical histological pattern, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic features that can help in differential diagnosis. The present article describes the classification and explains the histopathology and immunohisto…

Classification of Male-pattern Hair Loss.

Male-pattern hair loss (MPHL) is a condition that affects the majority of men during adulthood. This condition is not life threatening but needs constant treatment and monitoring, especially in recent years where male appearance is gaining significant importance in society. An ideal classification with high amount of detail, practicality, and reproducibility is required to accurately diagnose and monitor this condition regularly and to assess the outcome of treatment. Numerous classifications have been invented, but many variants with different levels of detail, practicality, and reproducibili…

Lissencephaly: Expanded imaging and clinical classification.

Lissencephaly ("smooth brain," LIS) is a malformation of cortical development associated with deficient neuronal migration and abnormal formation of cerebral convolutions or gyri. The LIS spectrum includes agyria, pachygyria, and subcortical band heterotopia. Our first classification of LIS and subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) was developed to distinguish between the first two genetic causes of LIS-LIS1 (PAFAH1B1) and DCX. However, progress in molecular genetics has led to identification of 19 LIS-associated genes, leaving the existing classification system insufficient to distinguish the in…

Classification systems for distal radius fractures.

Background and purpose - The reliability of conventional radiography when classifying distal radius fractures (DRF) is fair to moderate. We … ucted within 5 days. 4 observers assessed the cases using the Frykman, Fernández, Universal, and AO classification systems. The first 2 assessments were performed using conventional radiography alone; the following 2 assessments were performed with an additional CT. We used the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to evaluate reliability. The CT was used as …

[Pulmonary hypertension: definition, classification and treatments].

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a cardio-pulmonary disorder that may involve multiple clinical conditions and can complicate the majority of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Its definition is an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) \hbox{$\geqslant $} ⩾ 25 mmHg at rest, leading to right heart failure and ultimately death. The clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) categorizes PH into groups which share similar pathophysiological and hemodynamic characteristics and treatments. Five groups of disorders that cause PH are identified: pulmonary arterial hypertens…

[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Definition and classification].

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a group of diseases defined by the presence of arthritis of more than 6 weeks duration in patients aged less than 16 years and with unknown etiology. The international classification based on clinical and biological criteria define each type of JIA: systemic, oligoarticular, polyarticular with and without rheumatoid factor, enthesitis-related arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. However, some discussions persist concerning systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, whose clinical symptoms and pathogenic mechanisms are quite similar to those observed in …

Gout Classification Criteria: Update and Implications.

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis, with a rising prevalence and incidence worldwide. There has been a resurgence in gout resear … n College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism led to publication of new gout classification criteria.

[Chronic diarrhoea: Definition, classification and diagnosis].

Chronic diarrhoea is a common presenting symptom in both primary care medicine and in specialized gastroenterology clinics. It is estimated that >5% of the population has chronic diarrhoea and nearly 40% of these patients are older than 60 years. Clinicians often need to select the best diagnostic approach to these patients and choose between the multiple diagnostic tests available. In 2014 the Catalan Society of Gastroenterology formed a working group with the main objective of creating diagnostic algorithms based on clinical practice and to evaluate diagnostic tests and the scientific eviden