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Metabolic Consequences of Chlorine Position in Testosterone Analogs: A GC-MS Study of C4- Versus C6-Chlorotestosterone Biotransformation.

The study investigates the metabolic profiles of 4-chlorotestosterone (clostebol, 4-CT) and 6α-chlorotestosterone (6-CT), highlighting how the chlorine atom's position may potentially influence the metabolism. In 4-CT, the chlorine atom is at C4, forming a stable vinyl halide; conversely, in 6-CT, the chlorine at C6 is an allylic halide, a much more reactive position. A single oral dose of 10 mg of 4-CT (n = 2) and 25 mg of 6-CT (n = 2) was administered, and urine samples were collected before and after the administration for 4 days. Samples were extracted with tert-butyl methyl ether at basic…

Longitudinal analysis of the hand microbiome in response to chlorine-based antiseptic use during a military field exercise.

Hand hygiene is essential for infection control, yet the impact of frequent antiseptic use on the skin microbiome, which is crucial for skin … antiseptic, on the hand microbiome of soldiers in a field environment. Participants used either the chlorine-based antiseptic (n = 20) or standard hygiene practices, mainly alcohol-based sanitizers (n = 19), for 10 days. Skin swabs from hands and untreated forearms were collected at baseline, post-intervention, and three weeks after discontinuation, and an …

A Dual GC-MS and LC-MS/MS Analytical Strategy for Evaluating Free Chlorine Toxicity in Aqueous Samples.

RATIONALE: Chlorine gas is a highly toxic industrial chemical that poses a significant risk in accidental releases and deliberate terrorist attacks. Reliable analytical methods for the determination of chlorine in aqueous samples are therefore required for forensic and environmental investigations. This study aimed to develop a rapid and selective mass spectrometry-based method for chlorine determination following derivatization. METHODS: Chlorine in aqueous samples was derivatized with methyl 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acetate (MTMPA) at 50°C for 15 min, yielding methyl 2-(2-chloro-3,4,5-trim…

Инактивация поверхностных ассоциированных вирусов в реальных внутренних средах с помощью системы окисления, генерирующей испорченные компоненты свободного хлора.

Свободный хлор, содержащийся главным образом в виде гипохлоровой кислоты (HOCl), все чаще используется для борьбы с микробами внутри помещений; однако подверженность вирусам и ее молекулярные детерминанты остаются неясными. Мы провели оценку вируцидных эффектов в контролируемых внутренних условиях (0-9 ppb) против эховируса 30 (E30), гриппа A/H1N1 и человеческого аденовируса типа 3 (HAdV3). Инфекционные титеры были оценены по результатам анализа TCID50. В ходе моделирования динамики расчетных флюидов и измерений газовых датчиков была проведена оценка пространственной дисперсии, и в ходе структ

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Vaporized free chlorine, primarily present as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), is increasingly used for indoor microbial control; however, virus-dependent susceptibility and its molecular determinants remain unclear. We evaluated virucidal effects under controlled indoor conditions (0-9 ppb) against echovirus 30 (E30), influenza A/H1N1, and human adenovirus type 3 …

Specific construction of asymmetric carbon-nickel-chlorine single-atom sites via carbon vacancy engineering for efficient CO2 electroreduction.

Breaking the structural symmetry of active sites in single-atom catalysts (SACs) allows efficient regulation of the electron distribution around the metal centers, holding great promise for promoting their performance in electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (ECO2RR). Herein, we propose a vacancy-engineering strategy for constructing asymmetric carbon-nickel-chlorine (C-Ni-Cl) sites in Ni SAC (Ni1-C/Cl). In strongly acidic media (pH=1), Ni1-C/Cl achieves Faradaic efficiency over 98% for carbon monoxide (CO) product at the operated current density of 500 mA cm-2. In situ X-ray abso…

Experimental Study on the Chlorine-Induced Corrosion and Blister Formation of Steel Pipes Coated with Modified Polyethylene Powder.

In this study, chlorine-induced corrosion and blister formation on steel pipes (SPs) coated with modified polyethylene powder (MPP) were evaluated through various tests, including chlorine exposure, wet immersion, and temperature gradient experiments. The results confirmed that the extent of corrosion and iron leaching varied with the coating type as expected. In batch leaching tests, no corrosion was observed on modified polyethylene-coated steel pipes (MPCSPs) within a chlorine concentration range of 0 mg/L to 10 mg/L; similarly, there were no significant changes in specimen weight or iron l…

Comparison of numerical calculations and ALOHA modeling in consequence assessment of chlorine gas emissions from ethylene dichloride reactors.

Incidents involving chemical storage tanks in the petrochemical industry are significant events with severe consequences. Within the petrochemical industry, EDC is a sector that produces ethylene dichloride through the reaction of chlorine and ethylene. The present research was conducted to evaluate the consequences of chlorine gas released from the EDC reactor in a petrochemical industry in southern Iran. Data regarding reactor specifications were obtained from the factory's technical office, while climatic data was acquired from the Meteorological Organization. The consequences of chlorine g…

[Effect of low doses of active chlorine on commensal populations of intestinal bacteria in rats by oral ingestion].

Chlorine-containing substances are widely used as disinfectants for treating equipment surfaces and technological aids for antimicrobial treatment of a number of foodstuff in the food industry. The toxic and bactericidal effects of the active (free) chlorine they contain are well understood for the concentrations used in practice, whereas little is known about the effect of its residual (subinhibitory) amounts on the organism and on the microbiota, including the ability to induce antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different doses of active chlorine …

Bromine versus chlorine substituent in breathing crystals of a copper(I) coordination compound with a triazolamine Schiff base.

It is known that N-[4-(chlorobenzylidene)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine in reaction with copper(I) perchlorate(VII) forms metastable breathing crystals built up of X-shaped binuclear units containing copper(I) ions in a trigonal coordination sphere. Using trifluoromethanesulfonate instead of perchlorate(VII) affects the self-assembly of the X-shaped units and the breathing function of the resulting crystals. The latter are not breathing crystals. Copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate with N-[4-(bromobenzylidene)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine crystallizes in two forms: open (with the presence of 1D channel

Synergistic degradation of trimethoprim and its phytotoxicity via the UV/chlorine process: Influencing factors on removal and kinetic.

Occurrence of trimethoprim (TMP), recalcitrant antibiotic, and its adverse effect on ecosystem have been reported in several countries. The study aims to remove the TMP and its phytotoxicity via a UV/chlorine process, compared with chlorination and UV irradiation alone. Various treatment conditions including chlorine doses, pHs, and TMP concentrations was conducted with synthetic waters and effluent waters. The UV/chlorine process exhibited a synergistic effect on the TMP removal, compared with chlorination and UV irradiation alone. The UV/chlorine process was the most effective in removing TM…

Effect of Pd-Sensitization on Poisonous Chlorine Gas Detection Ability of TiO2: Green Synthesis and Low-Temperature Operation.

Ganoderma lucidum mushroom-mediated green synthesis of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) is explored via a low-temperature (≤70 °C) we … surface morphology, and surface area of as-synthesized TiO2 and Pd-TiO2 sensors, respectively. The chlorine (Cl2) gas sensing properties are investigated from a lower range of 5 ppm to a higher range of 400 ppm. In addition to excellent response-recovery time, good selectivity, constant repeatability, as well as chemical stability, the gas sensor efficien …

A randomized, blinded, clinical investigation of breath odor reduction efficacy of a stabilized chlorine-dioxide containing flavored mouthwash.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of a flavored, non-fluoridated, alcohol-free mouthwash containing 0.1% chlorine dioxide in reducing oral malodor. METHODS: This was a randomized, 8-week, single site, double blind, crossover design with a 2-week washout period between crossover phases. Fifty subjects with clinically diagnosed intrinsic oral malodor were enrolled according to inclusion/exclusion criteria and randomized to one of two groups. Washout period initiated at end of Phase I and crossover design implemented prior to Phase II. Calibration for organoleptic judges performed at baseline fo…

Disinfection performance of chlorine dioxide gas at ultra-low concentrations and the decay rules under different environmental factors.

UNLABELLED: Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is one of the most promising air disinfectants. In this study, an ultra-low concentration of ClO2 gas (< 1.2 mg/m3) was generated in an office at various levels of humidity and illuminance to investigate the decay law. The disinfection efficiency and metal corrosiveness of ultra-low concentrations of ClO2 gas were also studied using an experimental chamber. At 48% and 75% humidity, the decay rate constants of ClO2 gas were 0.0034 min-1 and 0.0036 min-1, respectively. The rate of decline of the ClO2 concentration increased as the humidity of the envir…

Energy-efficient erythromycin degradation using UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process: Radical contribution, transformation products, and toxicity evaluation.

In this study, we investigated the degradation mechanism of erythromycin (ERY) during UV-LED/chlorine treatment using a 275-nm ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED). This wavelength is known to generate fewer disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and to have higher energy and photon yield efficiency compared to low pressure mercury (LP-UV) lamp which emits 254 nm of UV radiation. The degradation of ERY during the UV-LED/chlorine reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. While Cl• and ClO• radicals along with other secondary radicals played key roles in the degradation of ERY at alkaline pH …

Use of noninvasive ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to accidental chlorine inhalation: a case report.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by diffuse inflammatory lung injury and is classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Clinically, hypoxemia, bilateral opacities in lung images, and decreased pulmonary compliance are observed. Sepsis is one of the most prevalent causes of this condition (30 - 50%). Among the direct causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome, chlorine inhalation is an uncommon cause, generating mucosal and airway irritation in most cases. We present a case of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome after accidental inhalation of chlorine in a swimming p…

Theoretical Insight into the Conversion Mechanism of Glucose to Fructose Catalyzed by CrCl2 in Imidazolium Chlorine Ionic Liquids.

To better understand the efficient transformation of glucose to fructose catalyzed by chromium chlorides in imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), density functional theory calculations have been carried out on a model system which describes the catalytic reaction by CrCl2 in 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chlorine (MMImCl) ionic liquid (IL). The reaction is shown to involve three fundamental processes: ring opening, 1,2-H migration, and ring closure. The reaction is calculated to exergonic by 3.8 kcal/mol with an overall barrier of 37.1 kcal/mol. Throughout all elementary steps, both CrCl2 and MMImC…

[Development of lipids and carbohydrates metabolism disorders caused by drinkable water with high content of chlorine organic compounds].

Evaluation of effects caused by environmental peroral exposure to chlorine organic compounds revealed that individuals with AG variation of HTR2A gene are a community with increased sensitivity to chloroform and a risk group for lipid and carbohydrates metabolism disorders. Individual risk of endocrine disorders (ICD: E67.8 excessive nutrition and E66.0 obesity) in these individuals is higher than in general population exposed to chloroform at residence (HQ1.72). Serum serotonin level, that is functionally connected with HTR2A gene, is 1.3 times lower vs. the reference group value.

Detection of chlorine and bromine in free liquid from the sphenoid sinus as an indicator of seawater drowning.

We have investigated the usefulness of elemental analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) in the examination of free liquid from the sphenoid sinus of drowning victims. We detected both chlorine and bromine in liquid taken from the sphenoid sinus of seawater drowning victims. Because these elements were below the quantification limit in freshwater cases, we could easily distinguish seawater from freshwater drowning cases. Detection of these elements from the liquid in the sphenoid sinuses of drowning victims may be useful as a supportive measure for seawater drowning.

Acute chlorine gas exposure produces transient inflammation and a progressive alteration in surfactant composition with accompanying mechanical dysfunction.

Acute Cl2 exposure following industrial accidents or military/terrorist activity causes pulmonary injury and severe acute respiratory distress. Prior studies suggest that antioxidant depletion is important in producing dysfunction, however a pathophysiologic mechanism has not been elucidated. We propose that acute Cl2 inhalation leads to oxidative modification of lung lining fluid, producing surfactant inactivation, inflammation and mechanical respiratory dysfunction at the organ level. C57BL/6J mice underwent whole-body exposure to an effective 60ppm-hour Cl2 dose, and were euthanized 3, 24 a

3D-CSIA: carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen isotope fractionation in transformation of TCE to ethene by a Dehalococcoides culture.

Carbon (C), chlorine (Cl), and hydrogen (H) isotope effects were determined during dechlorination of TCE to ethene by a mixed Dehalococcoides (Dhc) culture. The C isotope effects for the dechlorination steps were consistent with data published in the past for reductive dechlorination (RD) by Dhc. The Cl effects (combined with an inverse H effect in TCE) suggested that dechlorination proceeded through nucleophilic reactions with cobalamin rather than by an electron transfer mechanism. Depletions of (37)Cl in daughter compounds, resulting from fractionation at positions away from the dechlorinat…