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Involvement of multiple taste receptors in umami taste: analysis of gustatory nerve responses in metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 knockout mice.

KEY POINTS: The taste receptor T1R1 + T1R3 heterodimer and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) may function as umami taste receptors. Here, we used mGluR4 knockout (mGluR4-KO) mice and examined the function of mGluR4 in peripheral taste responses of mice. The mGluR4-KO mice showed reduced responses to glutamate and L-AP4 (mGluR4 agonist) in the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves without affecting responses to other taste stimuli. Residual glutamate responses in mGluR4-KO mice were suppressed by gurmarin (T1R3 blocker) and AIDA (group I mGluR antagonist). The present study not only

Plasma Amino Acids in Early Pregnancy and Midpregnancy and Their Interplay With Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Association With the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results From a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated plasma amino acids (AAs) in early pregnancy and midpregnancy and their interplay with phospholipid fat … ted with GDM (adjusted OR [95% CI] per SD increment: 0.55 [0.39-0.79]). Alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid at 10-14 GW were positively associated with GDM (1.43 [1.08-1.88], 1.41 [1.11-1.80], and 1.39 [0.98-1.98]). At 15-26 GW, findings for glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, and the glutamine-to-glutamic acid ratio were consistent with the directions obser …

Iron-rich drinking water and ascorbic acid supplementation improved hemolytic anemia in experimental Wistar rats.

Anemia is a frequent problem in both the primary and secondary health care programs. In contrast, most areas of northeast India are vulnerable to iron toxicity. In the present study, we documented the effect of administration of iron rich water on hemolytic anemia in a Wistar rats' animal model. Hemolytic anemia was induced by phenyl hydrazine through intraperitoneal route and diagnosed by the lowering of blood hemoglobin. After inducing the hemolytic anemia, 24 Wistar rats (n = 6 in four groups) were randomly assigned to 1 mg/l, 5 mg/l, and 10 mg/l ferric oxide iron along with 1 mg/ml ascorbi

Determination of residues in chromogranin A-(16-40) required for inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion.

Chromogranin A (CGA), which is cosecreted from the parathyroid gland with PTH in response to low extracellular calcium, can be processed to … t greatly diminish biological activity. However, when the prolines are replaced by alanines or when glutamic acid and aspartic acid are replaced by alanines, the peptides do not effectively inhibit PTH secretion. Tests of synthetic peptides in which the individual glutamate or aspartate residues have been replaced showed that glutamate 37, followed by aspartate …

Quantitative maps of GAbAergic and glutamatergic neuronal systems in the human brain.

GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal systems in adult normal human brains were shown quantitatively and in detail through the distributions of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), respectively. Consecutive coronal sections containing part of the striatum and the substantia nigra were obtained from the right hemisphere of three deceased persons with no history of neurological or psychiatric diseases and were stained immunohistochemically for GAD and GDH. Each stained section was divided into approximately 3 million microareas and the immunohistochemical fluorescence

Salivary Metabolomics as a Diagnostic Tool: Distinct Metabolic Profiles Across Orofacial Pain Subtypes.

Orofacial pain (OFP) includes chronic pain conditions categorized into musculoskeletal (MS), neurovascular (NV), and neuropathic (NP) pain t … 18 showed significant differences between OFP patients and controls. Key amino acids, including DL-glutamic acid, DL-aspartic acid, DL-citrulline, spermidine, and DL-ornithine, were significantly elevated in MS, NV, and NP pain types compared to controls. Additionally, DL-glutamine, DL-valine, and DL-phenylalanine were distinctively elevated in TMD and migrain …

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: machine-learning algorithm to predict elevated bile acid based on clinical and laboratory data.

PURPOSE: Applying machine-learning models to clinical and laboratory features of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and creating algorithm to identify these patients without bile acid measurements. METHODS: This retrospective study included 336 pregnant women with a chief complaint of pruritis without rash during the second/third trimesters. Data extracted included: demographics, obstetric, clinical and laboratory features. The primary outcome was an elevated bile acid measurement  ≥ 10 µmol/L, regardless of liver enzyme levels. We used different machine-learning models an

Glutamate-induced elevations in intracellular chloride concentration in hippocampal cell cultures derived from EYFP-expressing mice.

The homeostasis of intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) is critical for neuronal function, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic transmission. Here, we investigated activity-dependent changes in [Cl(-)](i) using a transgenetically expressed Cl(-)-sensitive enhanced yellow-fluorescent protein (EYFP) in cultures of mouse hippocampal neurons. Application of glutamate (100 microm for 3 min) in a bath perfusion to cell cultures of various days in vitro (DIV) revealed a decrease in EYFP fluorescence. The EYFP signal increased in amplitude with increasing DIV, reaching a ma

Efficacy of prophylactic versus therapeutic administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on the acute neurochemical response to a concussion in a rat model combining force and rotation.

OBJECTIVE: Alterations in amino acid concentrations are a major contributor to the persistent neurological and behavioral effects induced by concussions and mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Glutamate, the most abundant excitatory amino acid in the CNS, has a major role in the pathophysiological process of concussion. The indiscriminate liberation of glutamate immediately after a concussion triggers an excitotoxic response that leads to cell death, neuronal damage, and the dysfunction of surviving neurons, largely by overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors. Th

Платформа для доставки вакцин ДНК, основанная на Эластине-Лике Рекомбинамер Наносистем для Вируса Рифт-Вэлли.

В ходе этой работы анализируется иммуногенность шести генетически модифицированных конструкций, основанных на эластинах, похожих на рекомбинамеры (ЭЛР), сплавившихся в Gn glycoprotein из вируса лихорадки Рифт-Вэлли (RVFV). При трансфекции все конструкции не оказывали никакого влияния на жизнеспособность клеток. В то время как составы синтеза, включая блоки ELR, содержащие гидрофобные аминокислоты (аланин или изолюцин), не увеличили экспрессию вирусных Gn в эукариотических клетках, белки, содержащие глютамиковую кислоту или валин, продемонстрировали повышенный уровень экспрессии по сравнению со

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
This work analyzes the immunogenicity of six genetically engineered constructs based on elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) fused to the Gn gl … mino acids (alanine or isoleucine) did not increase the expression of viral Gn in eukaryotic cells, glutamic acid- or valine-rich fusion proteins showed enhanced expression levels compared with the constructs encoding the viral antigen alone. However, in vivo DNA plasmid immunization assays determined that the more hydrophobic constructs reduced viremia levels …

Secretion of heat shock -60, -70 kD protein, IL-1β and TNFα levels in serum of a term normal pregnancy and patients with pre-eclampsia development.

The extracellular heat shock proteins (eHsp) family act as molecular chaperones regulating folding, transporting protein and are associated with immune modulation in different physiological and pathological processes. They have been localized in different gestational tissues and their concentration in amniotic fluid and serum has been determined. In the present study, we proposed to determine the concentration of eHsp-60, -70, IL-1β and TNFα in the serum of pregnant patients with 34 weeks of gestation with and without clinical evidences of preeclampsia (PE). Our results indicate significant in

Aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in lactobacilli and streptococci.

Aminotransferases and glutamate dehydrogenase are two main types of enzymes involved in the initial steps of amino acid catabolism, which plays a key role in the cheese flavor development. In the present work, glutamate dehydrogenase and aminotransferase activities were screened in twenty one strains of lactic acid bacteria of dairy interest, either cheese-isolated or commercial starters, including fifteen mesophilic lactobacilli, four thermophilic lactobacilli, and two streptococci. The strains of Streptococcus thermophilus showed the highest glutamate dehydrogenase activity, which was signif

Effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition upon glutamate release from rat cerebellum.

Arachidonic acid has been proposed as a diffusible second messenger in the CNS with a pathophysiological role in epilepsy and stroke and a physiological role in long-term potentiation. These actions are possibly due to the ability of arachidonic acid to enhance extraneuronal glutamate concentration. In this present study we have investigated the effect of flurbiprofen, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, on both potassium- and veratridine-stimulated release of glutamate from rat cerebellar slices. Flurbiprofen (100-500 microM) had no effect on basal release but significantly increased stimulated rele

Disruptions in the regulation of extracellular glutamate by neurons and glia in the rat striatum two days after diffuse brain injury.

Disrupted regulation of extracellular glutamate in the central nervous system contributes to and can exacerbate the acute pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previously, we reported increased extracellular glutamate in the striatum of anesthetized rats 2 days after diffuse brain injury. To determine the mechanism(s) responsible for increased extracellular glutamate, we used enzyme-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) coupled with specific pharmacological agents targeted at in vivo neuronal and glial regulation of extracellular glutamate. After TBI, extracellular glutamate was signif

Glutamate signaling in benign and malignant disorders: current status, future perspectives, and therapeutic implications.

Glutamate, a nonessential amino acid, is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. As such, glutamate has been shown to play a role in not only neural processes, such as learning and memory, but also in bioenergetics, biosynthetic and metabolic oncogenic pathways. Glutamate has been the target of intense investigation for its involvement not only in the pathogenesis of benign neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but also in carcinogenesis and prog

Chlorogenic acid alters ileal microbiota and metabolites in broiler chickens under immune stress.

UNLABELLED: Immune stress in broilers can cause severe economic losses, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an effective plant extract for allevia … l-L-aspartic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and pantothenic acid, while significantly downregulating pyroglutamic acid, L-glutamic gamma-semialdehyde, and biliverdin, indicating that immune stress (LPS) induced inflammation and oxidative damage. CGA addition reduced corticosterone, prostaglandin B2, trans-ferulic acid, and methylmalonic acid levels, while increasing …

Transduction mechanisms for the taste of amino acids.

Amino acids are important taste stimuli for a variety of animals. One animal model, the channel catfish, I. punctatus, possesses sensitive taste receptor systems for several amino acids. Neurophysiological and biochemical receptor binding studies suggest the presence of at least three receptor pathways: one is a relatively nonspecific site(s) responsive to short-chain neutral amino acids such as L-alanine (L-ALA); another is responsive to the basic amino acid L-arginine (L-ARG); still another is a low affinity site for L-proline (L-PRO). Several possible transduction pathways are available in

Fine structure of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. In-vitro and in-vivo studies of four isolates.

We obtained four bacterial isolates from patients with Legionnaires' disease and examined them for in-vitro and in-vivo fine-structure characteristics. All isolates had an outer membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, and intracellular membrane structure. Numerous intracellular inclusions were seen, particularly from in-vivo specimens, and appeared membrane-limited. Fine-structure analysis did not reveal the presence of a definitive peptidoglycan structure. Isolation, purification, and chemical analysis of Legionnaires' disease bacterium pepdoglycan established molar ratios of alanine-glutamic acid an…

α-Ketoglutaramate: an overlooked metabolite of glutamine and a biomarker for hepatic encephalopathy and inborn errors of the urea cycle.

Glutamine metabolism is generally regarded as proceeding via glutaminase-catalyzed hydrolysis to glutamate and ammonia, followed by conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase or by a glutamate-linked aminotransferase (transaminase). However, another pathway exists for the conversion of glutamine to α-ketoglutarate that is often overlooked, but is widely distributed in nature. This pathway, referred to as the glutaminase II pathway, consists of a glutamine transaminase coupled to ω-amidase. Transamination of glutamine results in formation of the correspondin

(+)-MCPG induces PKCepsilon translocation in cortical synaptosomes through a PLD-coupled mGluR.

We have tested whether different agonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors could induce translocation of selective protein kinase C isozymes in nerve terminals. In rat cortical synaptosomes 1S, 3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD; 100 microM) induced an increase in translocation to 124.6 +/- 5.7% of basal unstimulated conditions of the Ca++-independent protein kinase Cepsilon, but not of the Ca++-dependent isozyme beta. This effect was counteracted by 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (100 microM), an antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1. On the other hand,