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Natural and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing Variations of Dual-uORFs Synergistically Increase the Nutritional Value of Silage Maize Feed.

The precise enhancement of nutritional quality in silage maize is a core strategy for increasing livestock production efficiency. Through evolutionary analysis of multiple plant species, we identified two functionally synergistic upstream open reading frames (uORF1 and uORF2) within the 5' untranslated region of the gene encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP). By leveraging a natural translation-enhancing haplotype of uORF1 (Hap2) and performing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of the highly conserved uORF2, we successfully engineered an elite dual-uORFs variant. This variant si

Evolution of Characteristic Aroma During Processing of Space-Induced Mutant Dahongpao Tea and the Preliminary Exploration of Its Olfactory Perception.

Space-induced mutation is a novel approach in tea plant breeding, but its effect on processing-induced aroma formation remains unclear. This study analyzed the dynamic changes in VOCs during the processing of space-induced mutants of Dahongpao tea. The results showed that processing significantly reshaped the VOC profile, with the fermentation stage exerting the greatest impact and terpenoids serving as the major contributors. Seven characteristic VOCs (α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, d-sylvestrene, iso-geraniol, seudenone, hexyl benzene, and nerol) were identified and a transformation network…

Discovery and Engineering of a Rat Endogenous Retrovirus Reverse Transcriptase for Efficient Prime Editing.

CRISPR-based prime editors (PEs) install precise edits into genomic DNA without generating double-strand breaks. Their editing efficiency is highly dependent on reverse transcriptases (RTs), but efficient RT candidates remain limited. Here, we identified 19 novel active RTs by screening 558 candidates. Among them, RERV-RT, derived from Rattus norvegicus, exhibited the highest activity. Through structure-guided engineering and deep mutational scanning, we developed an optimized variant, enRERV-RT, which outperforms conventional M-MLV-RT-based PE systems by 1.20-fold in mammalian and plant cells

Rice stripe virus exploits the miR159a.2-OsGTL1 module to manipulate growth-defense trade-offs.

Balancing growth and defense is critical for plant fitness and crop productivity, yet how viruses manipulate this trade-off remains unclear. Here, we identified the trihelix transcription factor Oryza sativa GT2-like 1 (OsGTL1) as a central regulator of the growth-defense trade-off in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Loss-of-function osgtl1 mutants displayed increased grain size but heightened susceptibility to rice stripe virus (RSV). We showed that miR159a.2 directly targets OsGTL1, and disrupting the miRNA binding site abolished its repression. RSV infection strongly induced miR159a.2, resulting in

Molecular Biopesticides: An Emerging Frontier for Managing Plant-Parasitic Nematodes.

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause major yield and economic losses and remain difficult to manage because of their soil-borne nature, persistent biology, and broad host range. Conventional nematicides provide rapid suppression but face regulatory, safety, and environmental concerns, while cultural practices, biological control, and host resistance are constrained by variable field performance, durability, or breeding limitations. Molecular biopesticides, including double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recombinant proteins/peptides, and characterized secondary metabolites, offer mechanism-based targeting o

Precise control of chromatin loop extrusion enhances sustainable green revolution yield in rice.

Continuous and excessive use of inorganic fertilizers underlies current global crop production; therefore, reducing fertilizer use while increasing crop productivity is critical for ensuring agricultural sustainability and food security. Here we show that the natural variant of RCN2, a rice TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS homolog, enhances photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation and grain yield by restricting chromatin loop extrusion. RCN2 competitively inhibits the interaction between growth-repressing DELLA proteins and SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE transcription factors, breaking th

Monte Carlo estimation of variance component models for large complex pedigrees.

Variance component models are widely used in animal and plant breeding. In human genetics, they can be used to identify, among other traits associated with the definition of disease, those that have a significant genetic component in their aetiology. In addition, they can be used in genetic counselling. Most of the methods currently proposed for estimating variance component models often involve repeated inversion of large matrices, resulting in intensive computations, large storage requirements, and numerical instability. Consequently, these methods are restricted to data on nuclear families,…

A New Leaf Bacterial Disease of Foxtail Millet Caused by Pantoea ananatis in China.

Long-term continuous monocropping of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) in China has increased crop vulnerability to emerging diseases and threatens yield stability and grain quality. This practice may also influence inoculum carryover and host-pathogen interactions, making foxtail millet health a central issue for sustainable production. This study reports the first occurrence in China of a previously undescribed bacterial leaf disease of foxtail millet. Early symptoms are characterized by water-soaked lesions at leaf tips that spread basipetally along the veins and gradually desiccate as the t

Differential responses to Melanaphis sorghi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) reveal diverse resistance mechanisms across sorghum genotypes.

Sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi  Theobald) is a major constraint to sorghum production, making the identification of resistant germplasm essential for sustainable management. Understanding plant resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies. This study assessed resistance mechanisms in a panel of sorghum genotypes representing broad geographic origins and possible genetic diversity using antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance assays. Antixenosis assays demonstrated that the genotypes ICRISAT 29, ICRISAT 218, Lunuo 45A, and Tx2783 possessed strong antixen

Root Transporters Shape Rhizosphere Microbiomes to Enhance Nitrogen Acquisition Efficiency in Plants.

Root nitrogen acquisition is a central belowground process that determines how efficiently plants capture nitrogen from the rhizosphere and influences fertilizer demand and environmental nitrogen losses. Root N transporters, including nitrate, ammonium, amino acid, and peptide transporters, provide the molecular basis for inorganic and organic N uptake. However, root N acquisition is not determined solely by plant transport systems but is also shaped by rhizosphere microbial communities that regulate N mobilization, transformation, and availability. In addition to bacteria and archaea, saprotr

Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Waterlogging-Induced Hypoxia: Integrated Regulatory Reprogramming for Survival and Recovery.

Waterlogging is a serious abiotic stress caused by climate change that negatively affects plant growth and productivity. In response to waterlogging, plants activate a coordinated series of physiological, metabolic and molecular adjustments that maintain cellular homoeostasis and support survival. This review synthesises recent advances in the mechanisms by which waterlogging-induced oxygen deprivation is sensed and transduced into coordinated molecular programmes that determine plant survival and stress recovery. Particular attention is given to oxygen-sensing hubs centred on ethylene respons

Genome-wide identification and cold stress expression of inducer of CBF expression (ICE) transcription factors in Taraxacum kok-saghyz.

Low-temperature stress severely restricts plant growth and agricultural production. The INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION (ICE) transcription factors are key regulators of the plant cold response. To investigate the molecular characteristics of the ICE gene family and their regulatory functions in response to low-temperature stress in Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), we systematically identified 7 TksICEs in TKS at the whole-genome level, and simultaneously selected 3 HbICEs in Hevea brasiliensis for comparative analysis. Results showed that the ICE gene family mainly expanded via whole-genome duplication

Нужно ли нам собираться для региональной адаптации в Сойбе? - Оценка генотипного взаимодействия и стабильности трансвеститов в Сойбе в Германии.

Soybean — это урожай с высоким спросом, особенно как важнейший источник растительного белка. Как короткодневное растение, соевые бобы чувствительны к широте места выращивания. Следовательно, для расширения культивирования требуется наличие сортов, хорошо приспособленных к более высоким широтам. В этом исследовании мы работали 50 Генотипы сои, чтобы провести многоместное испытание seven на всей территории Германии 2021. Two По широте мест были определены целевые экологические районы. Адаптация и стабильность происхождения семян и содержания белка во всех местах оценивались с использованием гено

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… Acknowledgments We would like to thank the technical staff of the State Plant Breeding Institute for their efforts in the fieldwork and data collection. In addition, we would like to thank the staff at the additional test locations. … Stability Analysis in Plant Breeding. Plant Breed. 1988;101:1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1988.tb00261.x. 17. Annicchiarico P. Genotype x Environment Interaction: Challenges and Opportunities for Plant Breeding and Cultivar Recommendations. …

Systems Metabolic Alteration in a Semi-Dwarf Rice Mutant Induced by OsCYP96B4 Gene Mutation.

Dwarfism and semi-dwarfism are among the most valuable agronomic traits in crop breeding, which were adopted by the "Green Revolution". Previously, we reported a novel semi-dwarf rice mutant (oscyp96b4) derived from the insertion of a single copy of Dissociator (Ds) transposon into the gene OsCYP96B4. However, the systems metabolic effect of the mutation is not well understood, which is important for understanding the gene function and developing new semi-dwarf mutants. Here, the metabolic phenotypes in the semi-dwarf mutant (M) and ectopic expression (ECE) rice line were compared to the wild-

Variable but Inheritable: Colchicine-Induced Polyploidy in Phaseolus vulgaris Generates Physiological Variability with Limited Inheritance.

Polyploidy is widely used in plant breeding to increase phenotypic variation and potentially improve stress-related traits; however, its effects in common bean remain poorly characterized. Here, colchicine-induced polyploidy was evaluated in Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Zorzal to determine whether tetraploid lines exhibit coordinated changes in stomatal anatomy, physiology, pigment composition, oxidative balance, and ploidy inheritance. Polyploidy was induced using different colchicine exposure regimes and confirmed by flow cytometry. Stomatal traits, gas-exchange parameters, photosynthetic pigments…

A dominant mutation in tomato DNA POLYMERASE DELTA 1 causes geminivirus DNA replication catastrophe.

Geminiviruses pose a severe threat to grain and vegetable crops worldwide, often resulting in significant economic losses. In cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Ty resistance alleles have been introduced from wild tomato relatives, providing partial to strong resistance to geminivirus infections. The Ty-6 resistance locus from Solanum chilense was previously mapped to chromosome 10. It was recently shown to contain a mutant allele of the DNA POLYMERASE DELTA 1 (POLD1) gene that provides resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infections. However, the resistance mechanism rem

γ‑polyglutamic acid‑induced GhJAZ8 positively regulates drought tolerance in cotton associated with phytohormone signaling.

Cotton growth is frequently constrained by drought stress. Previous studies demonstrated that γ-PGA enhances cotton drought tolerance. Transcriptome analysis of γ-PGA-treated cotton revealed that multiple TIFY family members were markedly induced, among which GhJAZ8 showed the most pronounced upregulation. Sequence analysis indicated that GhJAZ8 belongs to the JAZ/TIFY5A subfamily, and its expression was significantly upregulated under drought stress. Virus-induced gene silencing of GhJAZ8 markedly decreased drought tolerance in cotton, evidenced by aggravated leaf wilting, reduced RWC, elevat

The WD40 repeat protein OsDPMS1 controls pistil development and female fertility in rice.

The pistil, a key female reproductive organ in flowering plants, plays a critical role in sexual reproduction. Although pistil function has been well studied in some species, the molecular mechanisms governing its development in rice (Oryza sativa) remain unclear. Here, we isolated and characterized a female-sterile rice mutant, Osdpms1, which exhibits pleiotropic reproductive defects, including greater stigma number and aberrant gametophyte development, while maintaining normal vegetative growth and male fertility. Using map-based cloning, genetic complementation, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout exp

MdARF3 switches the lateral root elongation to regulate dwarfing in apple plants.

Apple rootstock dwarfing and dense planting are common practices in apple farming. However, the dwarfing mechanisms are not understood. In our study, the expression of MdARF3 in the root system of dwarfing rootstock 'M9' was lower than in the vigorous rootstock from Malus micromalus due to the deletion of the WUSATAg element in the promoter of the 'M9' genotype. Notably, this deletion variation was significantly associated with dwarfing rootstocks. Subsequently, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cv. Xanthi was generated with the ARF3 promoter from 'M9' and M. micromalus genotypes. The tra

Genome-wide detection of non-additive quantitative trait loci for semen production traits in beef and dairy bulls.

Semen production traits are important aspects of bull fertility, because semen quantity leads to direct profits for artificial insemination centres, and semen quality is associated with the probability of achieving a pregnancy. Most genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for semen production traits have assumed that each quantitative trait locus (QTL) has an additive effect. However, GWASs that account for non-additive effects are also important in fitness traits, such as bull fertility. Here, we performed a GWAS using models that accounted for additive and non-additive effects to evaluate th