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Analysis of live, oral poliovirus vaccine monopools for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus.

Although there is no evidence for transmission of mammalian retroviruses to humans via vaccine immunization, the allegations of contamination of oral poliovirus vaccines with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 or a hypothetical progenitor virus from monkeys has created controversy and dispute regarding the origin of AIDS in humans. Twelve monovalent lots of live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine types 1, 2, and 3, which were released for use by a North American manufacturer between 1976-1989, were tested for the presence of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). HIV/SIV were n…

The outcome of poliovirus infections in K562 cells is cytolytic rather than persistent after hemin-induced differentiation.

K562-Mu erythroleukemia cells readily establish a long-term persistent poliovirus infection characterized by continuous virus production in the absence of complete p220 cleavage and host translation shutoff (R. E. Lloyd and M. Bovee, Virology 194:200-209, 1993). The mechanism of resistance appears to be modulated at the intracellular level and to be related to decreased virus-mediated cytopathic effects (P. A. Benton, J. W. Murphy, and R. E. Lloyd Virology 213:7-18, 1995). It is well documented that hemin induces the differentiation of K562 cells and alters the expression of several host prote…

A poliovirus type-specific IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the rapid diagnosis of poliomyelitis.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and evaluate an IgM antibody-capture ELISA for the rapid detection of poliovirus type-specific IgM antibodies in serum and CSF of patients suspected of poliomyelitis. STUDY DESIGN: The assay uses monoclonal antibody to human IgM as catching antibody, monovalent IPV as antigen and type-specific monoclonal antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase as detecting antibody. RESULTS: Sera from 21 of 24 patients, contacts of these patients or recently vaccinated children were positive in the IgM assay. Sera from 100 healthy individuals were negative in all three polioviru…

Lack of direct correlation between p220 cleavage and the shut-off of host translation after poliovirus infection.

Poliovirus induces a drastic inhibition of host protein synthesis soon after infection of susceptible cells. The correlation between this inhibition and the cleavage of p220, a polypeptide that forms part of protein synthesis initiation factor elF-4F, has been examined in detail. Measurements of protein synthesis at half-hourly intervals after infection with poliovirus show the lack of direct correlation between p220 cleavage and the blockade of cellular translation. Moreover, the use of inhibitors of poliovirus RNA synthesis helped to dissociate those two events more clearly. Thus, in the pre…

Simultaneous administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine with booster doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and poliovirus vaccines.

The safety and efficacy of simultaneous administration of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP), and trivalent oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccines in a test group of 405 children were compared with the safety and efficacy of sequential administration of the same vaccines in a control group of 410 children given MMR followed by booster doses of DTP and OPV 2 months later. The study was double blind and placebo controlled with respect to DTP and OPV. Seroconversion rates to measles, mumps, and rubella exceeded 96% in both groups. Geometric mean titers to measles (P = .05) an…

Intestinal trypsin can significantly modify antigenic properties of polioviruses: implications for the use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine.

It was recently reported that the intestinal protease trypsin cleaves in vitro the VP1 protein of type 3 poliovirus at antigenic site 1 (J. P. Icenogle, P. D. Minor, M. Ferguson, and J. M. Hogle, J. Virol. 60:297-301, 1986). We found that incubation of purified or crude type 3 poliovirus preparations with specimens of human intestinal fluid brings about a similar change in the virion structure. Sera from children immunized solely with the regular inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) neutralized trypsin-cleaved Sabin 3 virus poorly, if at all, despite moderate levels of antibodies to the corres…

Advanced molecular poliovirus diagnostics across multiple real-time PCR platforms with locked nucleic acids and primer overhangs.

UNLABELLED: This study details the development and validation of five real-time RT-PCR assays for the intratypic differentiation (ITD) of polioviruses and the discrimination of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) utilizing locked nucleic acid (LNA) technology and primer overhangs. Updated assays, including wild-type 1/Qβ duplex (WPV1), VDPVs 1 and 3, wild-type 3, and novel oral poliovirus type 2 (nOPV2), were designed in response to challenges posed by genetic diversity and detection gaps in existing protocols following outbreaks, and the introduction of a new vaccine replacing the Sabin 2 or…

Emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains from the novel oral polio vaccine in the Central African Republic.

UNLABELLED: The Central African Republic (CAR) is a high-risk country for poliomyelitis outbreaks because of difficulties in closing immunity gaps due to the lack of resources, logistics issues, and insecurity. The country experienced multiple poliomyelitis cases since 2019. A novel type 2 oral polio vaccine (nOPV2) engineered to lower the risk of reversion of the vaccine strain was deployed in the CAR in 2022-2023 to counter active serotype 2 poliovirus transmission. This study reports routine poliovirus surveillance conducted from November 2021 through October 2023 in the CAR. Polioviruses i…

Human poliovirus receptor contributes to biliary atresia pathogenesis by exacerbating natural-killer-cell-mediated bile duct injury.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in biliary atresia (BA) pathogenesis; human poliovirus receptor (PVR) is an important NK-cell modulator. Here, we explored the role of PVR in BA pathogenesis. METHODS: Poliovirus receptor expression and NK cell-associated genes were detected in human BA samples and a rotavirus-induced BA mouse model using quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Chemically modified small interfering RNA silenced PVR expression in the BA model, and its effects on the population and function of intrahepatic NK cells were investigated…

Hypothetical emergence of poliovirus in 2020: part 1. Consequences of policy decisions to respond using nonpharmaceutical interventions.

OBJECTIVES: As efforts to control COVID-19 continue, we simulate hypothetical emergence of wild poliovirus assuming an immunologically naïve population. This differs from the current global experience with polio and serves as a model for responding to future pandemics. METHODS: Applying an established global model, we assume a fully susceptible global population to polioviruses, independently introduce a virus with properties of each of the three stable wild poliovirus serotypes, and explore the impact of strategies that range from doing nothing to seeking global containment and eradication. …

Fractional dose compared with standard dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Since WHO recommended introduction of at least a single dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunisation schedules, there have been global IPV shortages. Fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) administration is one of the strategies to ensure IPV availability. We reviewed studies comparing the effects of fractional with full-dose IPV vaccination to determine when seroconversion proportions with each strategy become similar in children aged 5 years and younger. METHOD: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched 16 databases in July, 2019, for trials and observ…

Expected Implications of Globally Coordinated Cessation of Serotype 3 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) Before Serotype 1 OPV.

Globally coordinated cessation of all three serotypes of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) represents a critical part of a successful polio endgame, which the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) plans to conduct in phases, with serotype 2 OPV cessation completed in mid 2016. Although in 2016 the GPEI expected to globally coordinate cessation of the remaining OPV serotypes (1 and 3) by 2021, continuing transmission of serotype 1 wild polioviruses to date makes those plans obsolete. With increasing time since the last reported polio case caused by serotype 3 wild poliovirus (in November 2012)…

Смягчение последствий заражения полиовирусной вакциной после пересадки ячеек гематопоиэтическими стволами: тематический доклад и обзор литературы.

Использование пероральной вакцины против полиомиелита в мировом масштабе привело к ежегодному сокращению на 99,9% заболеваемости диким полиомиелитом и искоренению серотипа 2 полиомиелитвируса. Однако появление вакцинированных полиомиелитных вирусов создает угрозу для программы искоренения. Пациенты с комбинированными иммунодефицитными недостатками подвергаются повышенному риску заболевания полиомиелитом, связанным с вакцинами, и продолжительной асимптомной инфекцией, связанной с иммунодефицитными вирусами (iVDPV). Здесь мы представляем серьёзную комбинированную болезнь иммунодефицита с длитель

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The use of oral poliovirus vaccine in a worldwide scale has led to a 99.9% decrease in annual incidence of wild-type poliomyelitis and the eradication of serotype 2 poliovirus. However, the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) is endangering the eradication program. Patients with combined immunodeficiencies are at increased risk of both vaccine-…

Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in bosnia and herzegovina: Recent isolation of two sabin like type 2 poliovirus.

The WHO Regional Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication has recently indicated Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) as a high risk country for transmission, following importation, of wild poliovirus (WPV) or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). We analyzed data on Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance between 2007 to 2016, and the trend of polio immunization coverage in B&H. The majority of AFP cases was recorded in 2016 suggesting an enhancement of the AFP surveillance activities. However, the decline in the immunization coverage, around 74%, and the isolation o…

Vaccine-derived poliovirus surveillance in China during 2001-2013: the potential challenge for maintaining polio free status.

BACKGROUND: The goal of polio eradication is to complete elimination and containment of all wild, vaccine-related and Sabin polioviruses. Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) surveillance in China from 2001-2013 is summarized in this report, which has important implications for the global polio eradication initiative. METHODS: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and their contacts with VDPVs isolated from fecal specimens were identified in our AFP surveillance system or by field investigation. Epidemiological and laboratory information for these children were analyzed and the reasons for the VDP…

Enhanced surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis following importation of wild poliovirus in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

BACKGROUND: After being polio free for more than 10 years, an outbreak occurred in China in 2011 in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) following the importation of wild poliovirus (WPV) originating from neighboring Pakistan. METHODS: To strengthen acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Xinjiang, "zero case daily reporting" and retrospective searching of AFP cases were initiated after the confirmation of the WPV outbreak. To pinpoint all the polio cases in time, AFP surveillance system was expanded to include persons of all ages in the entire population in Xinjiang. RESULTS: T…

Nonhomologous recombination between defective poliovirus and coxsackievirus genomes suggests a new model of genetic plasticity for picornaviruses.

Most of the circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) implicated in poliomyelitis outbreaks in Madagascar have been shown to be recombinants between the type 2 poliovirus (PV) strain of the oral polio vaccine (Sabin 2) and another species C human enterovirus (HEV-C), such as type 17 coxsackie A virus (CA17) in particular. We studied intertypic genetic exchanges between PV and non-PV HEV-C by developing a recombination model, making it possible to rescue defective type 2 PV RNA genomes with a short deletion at the 3' end by the cotransfection of cells with defective or infectious CA17 R…

Circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus may evolve under the pressure of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA.

Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus and member of the Picornaviridae family. An effective live-attenuated poliovirus vaccine strain (Sabin 1) has been developed and has protected humans from polio. However, a few cases of vaccine virulence reversion have been documented in several countries. For instance, circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus is a highly pathogenic poliovirus that evolved from an avirulent strain, but the mechanism by which vaccine strains undergo reversion remains unclear. In this study, vaccine strains exhibited A to G/U to C and …