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Re-emergence of yellow fever in the neotropics - quo vadis?

Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the etiological agent of yellow fever (YF), an acute hemorrhagic vector-borne disease with a significant impact on public health, is endemic across tropical regions in Africa and South America. The virus is maintained in two ecologically and evolutionary distinct transmission cycles: an enzootic, sylvatic cycle, where the virus circulates between arboreal Aedes species mosquitoes and non-human primates, and a human or urban cycle, between humans and anthropophilic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. While the urban transmission cycle has been eradicated by a highly efficaciou…

Pluripotency of Wolbachia against Arboviruses: the case of yellow fever.

Background: Yellow fever outbreaks have re-emerged in Brazil during 2016-18, with mortality rates up to 30%. Although urban transmission has not been reported since 1942, the risk of re-urbanization of yellow fever is significant, as Aedes aegypti is present in most tropical and sub-tropical cities in the World and still remains the main vector of urban YFV. Although the YFV vaccine is safe and effective, it does not always reach populations at greatest risk of infection and there is an acknowledged global shortage of vaccine supply. The introgression of Wolbachia bacteria into Ae. aegypti mos…

An Atypical Local Vesicular Reaction to the Yellow Fever Vaccine.

Yellow fever vaccine is a live attenuated viral inoculation indicated for patients traveling to endemic areas. The vaccine is generally well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. Typical side effects include malaise, pain at the injection site, and, albeit rarely, immediate hypersensitivity reactions. We present a case of a rare adverse reaction to yellow fever vaccine in which a patient developed vesicular lesions resulting in bullae and circumferential hyperpigmentation.

История открытия способа передачи вируса желтой лихорадки.

В этом эссе содержатся документы и рассматриваются исторические обстоятельства и события, связанные с обнаружением способа передачи вируса желтой лихорадки на Кубе. Тщательное изучение статей, опубликованных Уолтером Ридом и его коллегами в 1900, 1901 и 1902 годах, свидетельствует об их ограниченности в качестве исторических документов. К счастью, другие источники информации этого периода сохраняются в письмах и документах, написанных лицами, участвующими в поиске способа передачи. Изучение и сопоставление этих источников информации показали увлекательную историю, которая показывает, что недоп

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that pe…

Animal models of yellow fever and their application in clinical research.

Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an arbovirus that causes significant human morbidity and mortality. This virus has been studied intensively over the past century, although there are still no treatment options for those who become infected. Periodic and unpredictable yellow fever (YF) outbreaks in Africa and South America continue to occur and underscore the ongoing need to further understand this viral disease and to develop additional countermeasures to prevent or treat cases of illness. The use of animal models of YF is critical to accomplishing this goal. There are several animal models of YF t…

[The first confirmed imported case of yellow fever in China].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of the first confirmed imported case of yellow fever in China. METHODS: This case was reported through the Infectious Disease Surveillance Program. Information on epidemiology and clinical manifestation of the case was collected through case interview and related medical records. Blood and saliva samples of the case were collected and tested by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The patient was male, 32 years old, and suffered a sudden onset of fever without other symptoms, on March 8(th), 2016. The patient arrived in Beijing at midnight on Mar…

Administration of yellow fever vaccine in patients with egg allergy.

BACKGROUND: The population of large parts of Africa, South America and travellers to these areas are at risk of yellow fever (YF) with a 50% mortality risk. Yellow fever vaccine (YFV) propagated in hens' eggs confers protection in 95% of the vaccinated. The rate of anaphylaxis for YFV ranges from 0.42 to 1.8/100,000 doses with most cases considered to be due to egg allergy. Egg allergy is a contraindication for the YFV. Nevertheless, the potential fatal sequelae from YF give the incentive to protect everyone at risk irrespective of their allergic status. METHODS: Six subjects who had had a re…

[Overdose of yellow fever vaccine in the Southern region of Brazil].

INTRODUCTION: Yellow fever is a preventable disease when using a safe, effective vaccine. METHODS: A prospective clinical follow-up of 49 people who received an overdose of the wrong vaccine against yellow fever during the 2009 outbreak in a rural area of the Vale do Rio Pardo, State of Rio Grande do Sul. RESULTS: During 45 days of clinical follow-up, only 1 (2.1%) case presented manifestations of a possible acute viscerotropism as an adverse postvaccination event. CONCLUSIONS: In the group of people monitored following an overdose of anti-yellow fever vaccine, observation confirmed almost …

Yellow fever as an endemic/epidemic disease and priorities for vaccination.

Yellow fever is a potentially fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. Although an effective vaccine (yellow fever 17D) has been available since the late 1930s, utilization is incomplete in many areas, particularly in Africa, with the result that yellow fever epidemics still occur. Official reports of yellow fever between 1965 and 2004 in South America and Africa total over 33,000 cases. In West Africa, a major resurgence of epidemic yellow fever occurred in the late 1980s to the mid 1990s, and epidemics continue to occur nearly every year in some location. Attack rates in these outbreaks have averaged …

Shortage of vaccines during a yellow fever outbreak in Guinea.

A yellow fever epidemic erupted in Guinea in September, 2000. From Sept 4, 2000, to Jan 7, 2001, 688 instances of the disease and 225 deaths were reported. The diagnosis was laboratory confirmed by IgM detection in more than 40 patients. A mass vaccination campaign was limited by insufficient international stocks. After the epidemic in Guinea, the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision for Epidemic Meningitis Control decided that 2 million doses of 17D yellow fever vaccine, being stored as part of a UNICEF stockpile, should be used only in response to outbreaks.

[Recent knowledge on the pathogenesis of yellow fever and questions for the future].

Yellow fever is an arthropod-borne disease with symptoms ranging from mild fever to acute hepatonephritis, hemorrhages and shock often fatal. The pathophysiology of severe yellow fever in humans and in monkeys susceptible to the virus is largely unknown. Yellow fever virus replicates in Küpffer cells and in hepatocytes in the liver. The degree of severity in yellow fever disease is linked to different factors related to virus virulence and to host susceptibility. A better knowledge of the complex interactions between the virus and the host is requested before initiating new actions in prophyla…

A rapid test for measuring the infectivity of Yellow Fever vaccine.

An in-house reference preparation of 17D-204 Yellow Fever vaccine was tested 60 times using LD50 mouse assay and CCID50 method. The mean virus titre, standard deviation and coefficient of variation obtained were comparable. Student's t-test indicated that there was a statistically insignificant difference between the two methods (p > 0.05) used for potency test with a correlation coefficient of 0.666 (p < 0.05). CCID50 assay for measuring the infectivity of Yellow Fever vaccine is rapid, sensitive and reproducible.