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Simian Virus 40 Infection in the Spinal Cord of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Immunosuppressed Rhesus Macaques.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an often-fatal demyelinating disease of the CNS that usually develops in immunocompromised individuals because of reactivation of quiescent JC virus (JCV). There are only a few reports of JCV infection in the human spinal cord. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-like demyelinating lesions have been documented in the brains of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. To determine whether simian virus 40 (SV40) can infect and cause PML lesions in spinal cords of immunosuppressed macaques, we examined archival spinal cord samples…

Reappraisal of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to simian virus 40.

Several cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been associated with simian virus 40 (SV40), rather than with JC virus (JCV), the polyomavirus originally isolated from PML tissue. PML has, therefore, been defined as a demyelinating syndrome with possible multiple viral etiologies. Tissues from three of the cases thought to be associated with SV40 were available for reexamination. Monoclonal antibodies specific for SV40 capsid antigen VPI, virus-specific biotinylated DNA probes for in situ hybridization, and virus-specific primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we…

Breast cancer, viruses, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA).

Several viruses have been implicated in breast cancer, including human herpes virus 4 (HHV4), human herpes virus 5 (HHV5), human papilloma virus (HPV), human JC polyoma virus (JCV), human endogenous retrovirus group K (HERVK), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is involved in virus elimination and has been shown to influence breast cancer protection/susceptibility. Here we investigated the hypothesis that the contribution of a virus to development of breast cancer would depend on the presence of the virus, which, in turn, would be in

VAPiD: a lightweight cross-platform viral annotation pipeline and identification tool to facilitate virus genome submissions to NCBI GenBank.

BACKGROUND: With sequencing technologies becoming cheaper and easier to use, more groups are able to obtain whole genome sequences of viruses of public health and scientific importance. Submission of genomic data to NCBI GenBank is a requirement prior to publication and plays a critical role in making scientific data publicly available. GenBank currently has automatic prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome annotation pipelines but has no viral annotation pipeline beyond influenza virus. Annotation and submission of viral genome sequence is a non-trivial task, especially for groups that do not routi

Systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and T-CD4+ lymphopenia.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare opportunistic infection caused by the reactivation of JC virus and occurs in patients with severe primary or secondary immunosuppression. Recently, PML is becoming relevant in autoimmune disorders, particularly in patients treated with biologic agents. However, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) appears to be associated with susceptibility to PML that cannot be entirely explained by the immunosuppressive therapy. The authors present two patients with the diagnosis of SLE and PML: One had a heavy immunosuppressive therapy history, and t…

[Sarcoidosis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy].

A 70-year-old woman treated for sarcoidosis complained of progressive cognitive impairment and gait disability. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a nonenhancing lesion in T1-weighted imaging in the left parieto-occipital region and sarcoidosis of the central nervous system was evoked. However, she rapidly deteriorated with posterior and cerebellar extension of the lesions, suggesting of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). DNA of the JC virus (JCV) was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a polymerase chain reaction. Despite antiviral therapy, she died nine …

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia.

We describe a child with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia that was diagnosed at 13 months of age. When he was 4 years old, gait disturbances began. The main neurological manifestations were progressive spastic tetraparesis and intellectual and speech deterioration. No infectious agent was identified. A magnetic resonance imaging scan of the central nervous system revealed periventricular demyelinating areas in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes with cortical atrophy. Stereotactic brain biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy caused by JC virus. He wa…

Возрастное распределение прогрессивной многофукальной лейкоэнцефалопатии.

Возрастной состав населения составляет 79 случаев прогрессивной многофукальной лейкоэнцефалопатии, подтвержденной как вирусная инфекция JC. Данные сопоставляются с опубликованным возрастным распределением множественных склерозов в графстве Вестфолд, Норвегия, и с опубликованными данными из Рочестера, штат Миннесота, о возрастной структуре вирусного энцефалита. В отличие от вирусного энцефалита, 61 процент которого приходится на детей в возрасте до 10 лет, в этой возрастной группе PML был выявлен лишь один раз. PHL, как и MS, — болезнь взрослого возраста, достигшая пика в шестом десятилетии жиз

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The age distribution is given of 79 cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy confirmed as JC virus infection. The data are compared with a published age distribution of multiple sclerosis onset in Vestfold County, Norway, and with published data from Rochester, Minnesota of the age distribution of viral encephalitis. In contrast to viral encephali…

Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: no conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The potential role of genitourinary infection in the etiology of prostate cancer (CaP) has been extensively investigated for 30 … llomavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus, BK virus, JC virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, neisseria, treponema, Propionibacterium acnes, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and Candida albicans. RESULTS: Despite the variable study designs and methodological approaches that were …

Large-scale multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of viral reactivations after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Viral reactivations following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are thought to result from the breakdown of both cell-mediated and hum … BV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, HHV-8, adenovirus, BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), parvovirus B19, and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Several viral DNAs were detected in 12 patients before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The detection rate gradually increased after transplantation and peaked at 21 days. The most frequent …

A Case Report of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) in an Immunocompetent Patient.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but fatal demyelinating disorder resulting from reactivation of latent John Cunningham virus (JCV), which induces demyelinating lytic infection of oligodendrocytes. We report a case of PML in an individual without identifiable immunodeficiency who presented with insidious and progressive deficits in speech and motor function. Diagnostic workup revealed JC viral DNA in cerebrospinal fluid, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multiple asymmetric lesions within the subcortical and deep white matter. Despite administration of

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Following Combined Rituximab-Based Immune-Chemotherapy for Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Renal Transplant Recipient: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Transplant recipients are at risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection due to reactivation of JC virus. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) represent a common malignancy in this population, and antiCD20-therapy has become an established component of its treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the first case of a renal allograft transplant recipient with PTLD who received rituximab-based immune-chemotherapy and developed PML shortly thereafter. Despite early suspicion and diagnosis, the disease ran a relentle…

Successful treatment of aids related PML with HAART and cidofovir.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a progressive demyelinating infection of the central nervous system caused by the JC virus (JCV) in an advanced state of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Currently there are still no drugs with proven clinical efficacy against JCV, though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the associated partial immune reconstitution have a beneficial effect on the survival time of AIDS-related PML. Various case reports have described an acceptable response under treatment with cidofovir which may be of particular benefit if HAART …

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after autologous bone marrow transplantation and alpha-interferon immunotherapy.

A patient with a stage IV mantle cell lymphoma (according to the REAL classification) was treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. One year later while on alpha-interferon immunotherapy she suffered from progressive loss of short-term memory and reported difficulties in recognizing objects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a vast ring-enhancing lesion of the left postcentral parietal area. Serial stereotactic biopsies disclosed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without JC-virus in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therapy with subcutaneous interleu

Human brain in tissue culture. III. PML-SV40-induced transformation of brain cells and establishment of permanent lines.

Cells from explants and monolayer subcultures of adult human brain obtained from biopsies or autopsies of ten multiple sclerosis (MS) cases, one case each of Jakob-Creutzfeld (JC) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and three cases with no central nervous system (CNS) involvement were transformed with PML-SV40 virus. Transformation was effected to establish permanent lines of these particular adult brain cells so that sufficient quantities would be available for other research projects. The procedure previously used to transform human fibroblasts (Koprowski et al., '62) was successfully ap

A rational approach to PML for the clinician.

The first step in the management of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is awareness of the disease. Patients vulnerable to PML … sequences and hypointensity on T1-weighted images, typically without enhancement. Demonstration of JC virus DNA by ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid is diagnostic for PML. Immune restoration whenever possible is the cornerstone of treatment. Highly active antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the prognosis for pati …

Transplacental transmission of human polyomavirus BK.

The presence of BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) in autopsy materials (placenta, brain, and kidney) of aborted fetuses was investigated by PCR using two sets of primers, specific for the regulatory region (RR) and for the capsid protein VP1, respectively. The RR of BKV was detected in 12 samples of placenta and brain and in nine samples of kidney obtained from 15 fetuses. Out of the 12 positive cases, four placentas, one brain, and three kidney samples also showed the presence of BKV DNA in the VP1 region. Of 12 placentas from a control group with a normal pregnancy outcome, the RR of BKV was…

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in a patient with lymphoma treated with rituximab: A case report and literature review.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease caused by reactivation of a latent JC polyoma virus. The first cases of PML were described 50 years ago in patients with lymphoma. PML typically occurs in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those infected with HIV. We present a 52-year-old male with lymphoma who was treated with R-CHOP (R: Rituximab; C: Cyclophosphamide; H: Doxorubicin; O: Vincristine; P: Prednisone). After six cycles of therapy, the patients developed tonic-clonic seizure. MRI of the brain showed multiple brain lesions. The pathology of

Rituximab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy derived from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: neuropathological findings and results of mefloquine treatment.

A 66-year-old man with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) after undergoing chemotherapy including rituximab. Although the administration of mefloquine at a dose of 500 mg weekly temporarily led to a dramatic decrease in the copy number of JC Virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid, the patient's symptoms gradually worsened. The CD4(+) T count remained continuously low, at least until approximately five months after the last cycle of chemotherapy. A postmortem examination performed 10 months after the onset of PML disclosed a severe condition asso…

[Other Possible Clinical Applications of Drugs with 5HT2A effect in Liaison Psychiatry: Cases Report].

INTRODUCTION: In liaison psychiatry it is possible to get an integral view of patient's treatment and needs, paying special attention to pharmacological interactions and contraindications. Some particular cases motivated the description, report and review about other possible applications of 5HT2A and 5HT3 antagonist, particularly Mirtazapine and Olanzapine, in hyperalgesia syndrome, tinnitus and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy by JC virus. METHOD: Cases report. RESULTS: We describe 3 cases of patients in which Mirtazapine and Olanzapine were necessary not only to control psychiat…