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Developing Actively Targeted Nanoparticles to Fight Cancer: Focus on Italian Research.

Active targeting is a valuable and promising approach with which to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of nanodelivery systems, and the development of tumor-targeted nanoparticles has therefore attracted much research attention. In this field, the research carried out in Italian Pharmaceutical Technology academic groups has been focused on the development of actively targeted nanosystems using a multidisciplinary approach. To highlight these efforts, this review reports a thorough description of the last 10 years of Italian research results on the development of actively targeted nanoparticles t

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… In particular, a polymer shell of low molecular weight HA (<10 kDa) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been built onto PLGA NPs using the layer-by-layer deposition technique, by exploiting the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged polymers. … Biodegradable nanoparticles sequentially decorated with Polyethyleneimine and Hyaluronan for the targeted delivery of docetaxel to airway cancer cells J. Nanobiotechnol. 2015 13 1 13 10.1186/s12951-015-0088-2 PMC4424546 25888948 64. Russo A. Maiolino S. Pagliara V. Ungaro F. Tatangelo F. Leone A. …

mRNA Vaccines: Current Applications and Future Directions.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, as a novel class of biotherapeutics, leverage mRNA technology to instruct cells to produce specific antigens, thereby inducing an immune response. In recent years, significant progress has been made in applying these vaccines to infectious disease prevention and cancer treatment. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines offer high programmability, as well as greatly enhanced stability and immunogenicity, achieved through nucleotide modifications and advanced delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles. However, many challenges remain in the design and d

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… Currently, cationic polymers such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(β‐amino esters) (PBAE), chitosan, and others are commonly employed for mRNA delivery; these often require further modification to boost transfection efficiency and stability [ 190 , 191 , 192 ]. …

An understanding of mitochondria and its role in targeting nanocarriers for diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Nanotechnology has changed the entire paradigm of drug targeting and has shown tremendous potential in the area of cancer therapy due to its specificity. In cancer, several targets have been explored which could be utilized for the better treatment of disease. Mitochondria, the so-called powerhouse of cell, portrays significant role in the survival and death of cells, and has emerged as potential target for cancer therapy. Direct targeting and nanotechnology based approaches can be tailor-made to target mitochondria and thus improve the survival rate of patients suffering from cancer. With thi

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… indocyanine green, MWCNTs: Multi walled CNTs, MAPS: n-methyl-3- amino propyl trimethoxy silane, MGMA: ethyl glycinate methyacrylamide, M-PEG: methoxy polyethene glycol, OEGMA: poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, PCL: poly-ε-caprolactone, PDMA: poly dimethyl acrylamide, PDA: polydopamine, PEI: polyethyleneimine … indocyanine green, MWCNTs: Multi walled CNTs, MAPS: n-methyl-3- amino propyl trimethoxy silane, MGMA: ethyl glycinate methyacrylamide, M-PEG: methoxy polyethene glycol, OEGMA: poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, PCL: poly-ε-caprolactone, PDMA: poly dimethyl acrylamide, PDA: polydopamine, PEI: polyethyleneimine …

Downregulation of SLC40A1 leads to iron accumulation in fibrotic lung fibroblasts.

Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all organisms. However, excess iron generates reactive oxygen species and causes tissue injuries. Iron is implicated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In this study, we examined iron accumulation in fibrotic lung fibroblasts and the underlying mechanisms. We hypothesize that the downregulation of Solute Carrier Family 40 Member 1 (SLC40A1) results in iron accumulation in lung fibroblasts of IPF patients. Using a Prussian Blue iron staining, we found that iron accumulated in the fibrotic region of the lungs from IPF patients and bleomycin- and asbe

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… The cells were transfected with 6 µg of packaging plasmid psPAX2 (Catalog no. 12260; Addgene, Watertown, MA, USA) and 3 µg of the envelope plasmid pMD2.G (Catalog no. 12259; Addgene) using 63 μl of 1 µg/µl polyethyleneimine (PEI). After 48 h of transfection, media containing viruses were collected. …

Drug Delivery Approaches for the Treatment of Cervical Cancer.

Cervical cancer is a highly prevalent cancer that affects women around the world. With the availability of new technologies, researchers have increased their efforts to develop new drug delivery systems in cervical cancer chemotherapy. In this review, we summarized some of the recent research in systematic and localized drug delivery systems and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

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… Polymeric micelle of candesartan- g -polyethyleneimine- cis -1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride polymer loaded with paclitaxel has negative surface charges and a diameter of about 100 nm; showed strong antitumor efficacy by mediating amidase-responsive drug-release manners and quick endosomal escape …

Отличительные стратегии распознавания tRNA, используемые гомологической семьей редактирующих доменов, предотвращают неправильный перевод.

Ошибки в синтезе белка из-за пропускания аминокислот с tRNA ставят под угрозу жизнеспособность клеток. Было описано несколько контрольно-пропускных пунктов для предотвращения образования Ala- и Cys-tRNA(Pro), в том числе специально для Ala редактируемый домен (INS) большинства бактериальных проли-тринских синтезаторов (PRS) и автономный однодомный INS homolog, YbaK, который очищает Cys-tRNA(Pro) в транс. Во многих видах, где у ПРОРС нет домена INS, за редактирование Ala-tRNA(ProXp-ala) отвечает другой однодомный белок, похожий на INS. Хотя аминокислотная специфичность этих доменов редактирован

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… Aminoacyl-[ 32 P]AMP and [ 32 P]AMP products were separated on polyethyleneimine-cellulose TLC plates and analyzed as previously described ( 30 ). …

Nanomedicine Meets Immunotherapy: Advancing Adoptive Cell Therapy with Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cancer with Sustainability Perspectives.

Immunotherapy has achieved remarkable clinical success in certain cancers, particularly through adoptive cell therapy (ACT), where T cell engineering with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has driven major clinical breakthroughs in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, efficacy against solid tumors remains limited due to multiple barriers, including the scarcity of tumor-specific antigens, antigen heterogeneity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and physical obstruction of T cell infiltration by dense extracellular matrix. Nanoparticle (NP)-based approaches can overcome the

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… For instance, researchers developed core‐shell NPs with a pH‐/H 2 O 2 ‐responsive bovine serum albumin‐MoS 2 shell encapsulating a low molecular polyethyleneimine complexed to siRNA targeting TGF‐β, aimed at remodeling the dense, immunosuppressive TME of triple‐negative breast cancer [ 99 ]. …

Sp3 улучшила экспериментальный аутоиммунный энцефаломиэлит, спровоцировав Socs3 в клетках Th17.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Хотя считается, что хронические подстрекательские и дегенеративные заболевания центральной нервной системы поддерживаются аутоиммунными клетками ТТ17, основополагающие механизмы остаются в основном неисследованными. Недавние исследования и наши исследования показали, что Sp3 был заблокирован в нескольких склерозах (MS) и экспериментальном аутоиммунном энцефаломиелите (EAE). Вместе с тем остается неясным, почему в нем ничего не говорится и как он регулирует дифференциацию клеток TH17 в MS. ЦЕЛИ: Данное исследование было направлено на изучение воздействия Сп3 на ТХ17 в клетках EAE и ле

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… polyethyleneimine (PEI; Polysciences Inc., 23966) was used for transient transfection of EL4 or 293 T cells, as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, EL4 or 293 T cells were taken and lysed at 48 h after transfection. …

Biological Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: Cutting Edge Innovations in Precision Drug Delivery.

Cancer is a highly detrimental and fatal illness that poses a significant threat to human well-being. The pattern of cancer treatment is continuously being optimized by the advancement of old treatment approaches and the invention of novel treatment modes. Nanotechnology-based approaches are emerging as powerful candidates in the development of these advanced methods for treating tumors. This article provides a concise overview of nanotechnology for cancer or cancer nanomedicine and its applications. In light of prevalent issues, such as inadequate precision in targeting initial chemotherapy d

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… Naturally occurring polymers like chitosan and synthetic polymers like poly-L-lysine, polyamidoamine, and polyethyleneimine have all been used for RNA transport, with differing degrees of success [ 58 ]. …

Астроцитизированный PTN уменьшает дефицит гиппокампального неврогенеза и когниции в моделях множественного склероза.

Множественный склероз (MS) — аутоиммунное воспалительное заболевание, которое приводит к моторным, сенсорным, когнитивным и эффективным расстройствам. Гиппокампальное обезвоживание, обычное явление в MS, связано с нарушенной когнитивной функцией и настроением. Несмотря на это, точные механизмы, лежащие в основе когнитивных нарушений в MS, по-прежнему остаются труднодостижимыми. Плейотропхин (PTN), скрытый нейронными стволовыми клетками и астроцитами, играет решающую роль в регулировании когниции. В этом исследовании изучается роль PTN на основе астроцитов. Мы обнаружили, что генетическое удале

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… Production of lentivirus and retrovirus Lentivirus and retrovirus packaging were prepared by cotransfecting 293T cells with lentiviral vector plasmids (psPAX2 and pMD2.G) or retrovirus vector plasmids (CMV-GP and VSVG) using polyethyleneimine (PEI, Proteintech Group, PR40001). …

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cancer.

Even though cancer treatment has improved over the recent decades, still more specific and effective treatment concepts are mandatory. Surgical removal is not always possible, metastases are challenging and chemo- and radiotherapy can not only have severe side-effects but also resistances may occur. To cope with these challenges more efficient therapies with fewer side-effects are required. One promising approach is the use of drug delivery vehicles. Here, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are discussed as biodegradable drug carrier to improve efficacy and reduce side-effects. MSN excellen

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… In the same way, cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating can trigger the proton sponge effect which was applied by Finlay and colleagues to deliver TWIST1 siRNA to xenograft tumors and reduce tumor burden [ 80 ]. …

The potential therapeutic role of extracellular vesicles in critical-size bone defects: Spring of cell-free regenerative medicine is coming.

In recent years, the incidence of critical-size bone defects has significantly increased. Critical-size bone defects seriously affect patients' motor functions and quality of life and increase the need for additional clinical treatments. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has made great progress in repairing critical-size bone defects. As one of the main components of bone tissue engineering, stem cell-based therapy is considered a potential effective strategy to regenerate bone tissues. However, there are some disadvantages including phenotypic changes, immune rejection, potential tumorigenicity,

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… The specific method was to coat the membrane of EVs with polyethyleneimine, a cationic polymer usually applied to coat negatively charged DNA, and then add the plasmid BMP2 through a layer-by-layer self-assembly method. … This easy technique constructed 100–1,000 nm diameter EV-polyethyleneimine/plasmid BMP2 complexes. Compared with the control group, EV complexes showed upregulated BMP2 gene transfection efficiency and lower toxicity to target cells in vitro . …

Nanomedicine Approaches for Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Therapy.

Cancer is a daunting global health problem with a steadily rising incidence. Despite the wide arsenal of current anticancer therapies, challenges such as drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, poor targeting, and severe side effects often lead to suboptimal efficacy and poor patient outcomes, highlighting the need for innovative therapies. Autophagy modulation has emerged as an attractive approach to complement existing therapies. The dual role of autophagy in cancer promotion and suppression has inspired the development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies focusing on both inhibition and in

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… Table 1 The rationale for using NPs to deliver autophagy modulators in cancer therapy. a) BBB, blood‐brain barrier; CQ, chloroquine; GBM, Glioblastoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IONPs, iron oxide nanoparticles; LMP, lysosomal membrane permeabilization; OXA, oxaliplatin; PEI, polyethyleneimine; PFH … Cheng et al. used a multilayered nanoplatform for targeted tumor and lymph node delivery in breast cancer therapy. [ 297 ] A polymer complex of polyethyleneimine and oleic acid (PEI‐OA) was used to encapsulate PTX, CQ, ovalbumin antigen (OVA), and the CpG immunopotentiator. …

LAMP5 modulates IRF4 stability and nuclear transport: a critical mechanism in myeloma progression and therapy.

Multiple myeloma is a malignant hematopoietic neoplasm characterized by unclear molecular mechanisms and lack of highly effective targeted therapies for clinical application. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a well-known core transcription factor that regulates the progression of myeloma, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its protein homeostasis regulation are unknown. Our research shows that lysosomal-associated membrane protein 5 (LAMP5) interacts with IRF4 and prevents its degradation through the autophagy-lysosome pathway, thereby facilitating the progression of myeloma. Addi

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… Stable cell line construction For transient transfection of HEK 293T cells, we employed polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the transfection reagent in OPTI-MEM medium (Life Technologies), maintaining a DNA-to-PEI ratio of 1:4. …

Targeting cancer stem cells with CAR-based immunotherapy: biology, evidence, and future directions.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are pivotal in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse, underscoring the need for targeted therapies to achieve lasting responses. This review delves into CSC biology, highlighting their tumor-initiating potential demonstrated through limiting dilution assays and their role in resistance to therapies. Although successful CAR therapies, such as anti-CD19 CAR T-cells, can induce complete responses without directly targeting CSCs, CAR strategies focusing on CSCs may offer promising avenues to prevent recurrence. We assess CAR therapies targeting CSC-specific antigens,

Current State of Human Gene Therapy: Approved Products and Vectors.

In the realm of gene therapy, a pivotal moment arrived with Paul Berg's groundbreaking identification of the first recombinant DNA in 1972. This achievement set the stage for future breakthroughs. Conditions once considered undefeatable, like melanoma, pancreatic cancer, and a host of other ailments, are now being addressed at their root cause-the genetic level. Presently, the gene therapy landscape stands adorned with 22 approved in vivo and ex vivo products, including IMLYGIC, LUXTURNA, Zolgensma, Spinraza, Patisiran, and many more. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into a rich ass

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… GO-PEI-10k complex | Non-viral | The GO-PEI-10k complex combines graphene oxide with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form a stable, positively charged complex that can bind with pDNA for intracellular transfection of the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene in HeLa cells, with reduced toxicity … This complex is formed by binding GO with a cationic polymer, polyethyleneimine (PEI), with two different molecular weights of 1.2 kDa and 10 kDa. …

Glucocorticoids-based prodrug design: Current strategies and research progress.

Attributing to their broad pharmacological effects encompassing anti-inflammation, antitoxin, and immunosuppression, glucocorticoids (GCs) are extensively utilized in the clinic for the treatment of diverse diseases such as lupus erythematosus, nephritis, arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, keratitis, macular edema, and leukemia. However, long-term use often causes undesirable side effects, including metabolic disorders-induced Cushing's syndrome (buffalo back, full moon face, hyperglycemia, etc.), osteoporosis, aggravated infection, psychosis, glaucoma, and cataract. These notorious side e

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… Some water-soluble polymers, such as (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide) (HPMA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethyleneimine (PEI), etc., can be used to prepare conjugate prodrugs to improve the water solubility and injectability of GCs. …

Nucleic acid aptamers in orthopedic diseases: promising therapeutic agents for bone disorders.

Precision medicine has become a cornerstone in modern therapeutic strategies, with nucleic acid aptamers emerging as pivotal tools due to their unique properties. These oligonucleotide fragments, selected through the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment process, exhibit high affinity and specificity toward their targets, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules. Nucleic acid aptamers offer significant advantages over traditional therapeutic agents, including superior biological stability, minimal immunogenicity, and the capacity for universal chemical modificatio

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… Subsequently, 1 volume of polyethyleneimine solution (100 μg/mL, pH 6.0) is mixed with six volumes of 4.2 μmol/L sodium citrate to form a polyethyleneimine-citric acid core structure (nanocore). …

Fucoidan: An Update on Function, Role in Human Health and Applications.

Fucoidan is a polysaccharide bioactive compound, mainly from brown algae, characterized by multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and cardioprotective properties. In addition, growing scientific evidence supports its epigenetic potential and ability to modulate autophagic mechanisms, two crucial aspects for the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and aging. For this reason, Fucoidan is a promising candidate for a wide range of applications, both as a bioactive component of drug deli

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… nanoparticles | Release active compound at pH 6.5 | Oral methotrexate delivery | Coutinho et al. ( 2020 ); Lee and Huang ( 2019 ) Fucoidan/Chitosan nanoparticles | Improved oral bioavailability and induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells | Lung cancer treatment (oral) | Coutinho et al. ( 2020 ) Fucoidan/Polyethyleneimine …

Journey of TRAIL from Bench to Bedside and its Potential Role in Immuno-Oncology.

Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells has increasingly been the focus of many therapeutic approaches in oncology field. Since its identification as a TNF family member, TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) paved a new path in apoptosis inducing cancer therapies. Its selective ability to activate extrinsic and intrinsic cell death pathways in cancer cells only, independently from p53 mutations responsible for conventional therapeutics resistance, spotted TRAIL as a potent cancer apoptotic agent. Many recombinant preparations of TRAIL and death receptor targeting monoclonal antibodies

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… ALG-BSA NPs, to selectively target DR overexpressing cancer cells. 162 Artificially designed lipid nanoparticles (NPs) coated with TRAIL have been shown to considerably enhance apoptosis in in leukemic cells. 163 Targeted iron oxide NPs coated with chlorotoxin (CTX) and chitosan-polyethylene glycol-polyethyleneimine …