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Developments in Point-of-Care Diagnostic Technology for Cancer Detection.

Cancer is the cause of death for one in seven individuals worldwide. It is widely acknowledged that screening and early diagnosis are of vital importance for improving the likelihood of recovery. However, given the costly, time-consuming, and invasive nature of the many methods currently in use, patients often do not take advantage of the services available to them. Consequently, many researchers are exploring the possibility of developing fast, reliable, and non-invasive diagnostic tools that can be used directly or by local physicians at the point-of-care. Herein, we look at the use of estab

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… Other common changes to the glycome observed in cancers include increased cell surface expression of N -acetylneuraminic acid and fucose, caused by aberrant activities of sialyl and fucosyltransferases [ 45 ]. …

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cancer.

Even though cancer treatment has improved over the recent decades, still more specific and effective treatment concepts are mandatory. Surgical removal is not always possible, metastases are challenging and chemo- and radiotherapy can not only have severe side-effects but also resistances may occur. To cope with these challenges more efficient therapies with fewer side-effects are required. One promising approach is the use of drug delivery vehicles. Here, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are discussed as biodegradable drug carrier to improve efficacy and reduce side-effects. MSN excellen

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… Furthermore, Chen and colleagues exploited the fucose-binding lectin UEA1 for colorectal adenocarcinoma, adenoma and polyposis coli targeting and detection. …

"Bioinspired" Membrane-Coated Nanosystems in Cancer Theranostics: A Comprehensive Review.

Achieving precise cancer theranostics necessitates the rational design of smart nanosystems that ensure high biological safety and minimize non-specific interactions with normal tissues. In this regard, "bioinspired" membrane-coated nanosystems have emerged as a promising approach, providing a versatile platform for the development of next-generation smart nanosystems. This review article presents an in-depth investigation into the potential of these nanosystems for targeted cancer theranostics, encompassing key aspects such as cell membrane sources, isolation techniques, nanoparticle core sel

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… This process relies on several pathways, such as fucose salvage, sialic acid salvage, and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) salvage, to produce specific monosaccharide substrates. … These substrates, including N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), GalNAc, and fucose, can then be combined with functional groups to form conjugates that can modify the functional characteristics of the cell membrane. …

Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities.

New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- a

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… The N- and O-linked carbohydrates are added glycosylation, and their abundance and heterogenicity vary among species, but are primarily mannose-rich N-glycans and N-mixed carbohydrates with fucose, galactose, GlcNAc, and glycosylation branches that are not found in mammals [ 98 ]. …

Enhanced sialylation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells contributes to immune remodeling through macrophage polarization in multiple myeloma patients.

INTRODUCTION: In multiple myeloma (MM), the immune system is disrupted, partly due to tumor-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs). These MSCs show altered glycosylation, including increased sialylation, which may promote immune evasion through Siglec interactions. METHODS: We quantified sialic acids and Siglec ligands on healthy donors-, MM-, T-MM-(treated multiple myeloma) and MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance)-MSCs, and examined how different culture conditions (myeloma coculture, conditioned medium, hypoxia, inflammation, 3D culture) affect MSC gly

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… This plate includes 84 key genes encoding glycan processing enzymes such as glycosyltransferases and glycosidases involved in the metabolism of major sugars: galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid. …

Biotechnological Innovations from Ocean: Transpiring Role of Marine Drugs in Management of Chronic Disorders.

Marine drugs are abundant in number, comprise of a diverse range of structures with corresponding mechanisms of action, and hold promise for the discovery of new and better treatment approaches for the management of several chronic diseases. There are huge reserves of natural marine biological compounds, as 70 percent of the Earth is covered with oceans, indicating a diversity of chemical entities on the planet. The marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive products and have been explored for lead drug molecules that have proven to be novel therapeutic targets. Over the last 70 years, m

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… Fucoidan Fucoidan is a polysaccharide isolated from brown algae—namely, Saccharina japonica —and comprises sugar, fucose, and sulfate content [ 72 ]. …

Structure and function of therapeutic antibodies approved by the US FDA in 2024.

In 2024, the Food and Drug Administration approved 47 new molecular entities (NMEs), including 15 therapeutic antibody-based molecules, marking the 30th anniversary of the first approved recombinant antibody. Ten of these were recombinant immunoglobulin G antibodies, while the rest comprised three bispecific antibodies, one immunocytokine, and one Fc-fusion protein. Seven antibodies targeted previously approved targets like programmed cell death receptor-1, programmed cell death receptor ligand-1, complement factor C5, interleukin (IL)-13, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (bipar

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… half-life [ 97 ] Hemlibra® (emicizumab) | Chugai (Roche) | 16 November 2017 | Factor IXa × FXa | HA/FI | Humanized heterodimeric IgG4κ; CLC | Mimics Factor VIII activity [ 98 ] Rybrevant® (amivantamab) | Janssen R&D (JNJ) | 21 May 2021 | EGFR × cMET | NSCLC | Human heterodimeric IgG1κ Duobody | Low fucose … Ziihera® (zanidatamab) | Jazz Pharmaceuticals | 20 November 2024 | HER2 × HER2 | NBC | Bispecific, biparatopic Ab; Fab arm x scFv arm on asymmetric Fc | See Fig. 3 [ 24 ] Bizengri® (zenocutuzumab) | Merus | 4 December 2024 | HER2 × HER3 | NRG1 + NSCLC, PAC | Human biclonics heterodimeric IgG1κ | CLC, low fucose …

Antibodies to watch in 2021.

In this 12th annual installment of the Antibodies to Watch article series, we discuss key events in antibody therapeutics development that occurred in 2020 and forecast events that might occur in 2021. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed an array of challenges and opportunities to the healthcare system in 2020, and it will continue to do so in 2021. Remarkably, by late November 2020, two anti-SARS-CoV antibody products, bamlanivimab and the casirivimab and imdevimab cocktail, were authorized for emergency use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the repurposed an

Artificial intelligence for risk assessment and outcome prediction in malignant haematology.

Risk stratification is the backbone of clinical decision-making for patients with haematological malignancies. Models currently used in routine clinical practice often rely on static rules, conventional statistics and expert consensus. While pragmatic and accessible, these models fail to capture the complex biological interactions and patient heterogeneity, especially as data dimensionality grows given the availability of more comprehensive molecular analysis. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML), offers the potential to process such high-dimensional data, uncover l

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… Pathway enrichment analysis for the most significantly deregulated genes indicated the guanosine diphosphate fucose biosynthesis pathway as the most significant, suggesting a crucial role for N‐glycosylation in AML. …

Potential Novel Biomarkers in Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Prognostic, diagnostic or predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for assessment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD), a major risk for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The main goal of this review generated within the COST Action EUROGRAFT "Integrated European Network on Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease" was to identify potential novel biomarkers for cGvHD besides the widely accepted molecular and cellular biomarkers. Thus, the focus was on cellular biomarkers, alloantibodies, glycomics, endothelial derived particles, extracellular vesicles, m

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… A core glycan structure contains 3 mannoses and 4 N-acetylglucosamines, which can be modified by addition of fucose, bisecting N acetylglucosamine (bisection), galactose and N-acetylneuraminic acid generating up to 30 possible glycan structures. …

Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives.

Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and can lead to changes that influence tumor behavior. Glycans can serve as a source of novel clinical biomarker developments, providing a set of specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) suitable for selective cancer-targeting therapy. The best characterized TACAs are truncated O-glycans (Tn, TF, and sialyl-Tn antigens), gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GM2, GM3, fucosyl-GM1), globo-serie glycans (Globo-H, SSEA-3, SSEA-4), Lewis anti

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… following monosacharides: yellow square: N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc); blue square: N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); violet diamond: Sialic acid (NeuAc); orange diamond: N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc); yellow circle: Galactose (Gal); blue circle: Glucose (Glc); green circle: Mannose (Man); red triangle: Fucose … It was observed that, by removing the fucose on the N-glycan of the Fc tail (antibody CIM301-8), an increase in Fc-binding affinity to the FcγRIIIa was achieved, leading to enhanced ADCC by a potentiated NK cell response. …

Curcumin Rewires the Tumor Metabolic Landscape: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.

Metabolic reprogramming is a fundamental hallmark and a key driver of malignant tumors. By reshaping glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, as well as mitochondrial function, it sustains the abnormal proliferation and survival of tumor cells, making it a crucial target for anti-tumor therapy. Curcumin, a natural multi-target compound, exhibits unique advantages in intervening in tumor metabolic reprogramming due to its low toxicity and broad-spectrum regulatory properties. In various tumor models, it can directly modulate the activity of key glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase 2, lactat

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… reduce the levels of synergistic branched chain amino acids and other amino acids, and realize the continuous consumption of metabolic substrates | [ 14 ] Curcumin | BC | mouse model | Amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism | 1—Nodal metabolites such as chitobiose, D-glucosamine-6-phosphate, L-fucose … In the BC model, curcumin exhibited specific regulation of the amino sugar metabolic axis, characterized by alterations in chitobiose, D-glucosamine-6-phosphate, L-fucose, and N-acetyl-β-mannosamine. …

AllergoOncology - the impact of allergy in oncology: EAACI position paper.

Th2 immunity and allergic immune surveillance play critical roles in host responses to pathogens, parasites and allergens. Numerous studies have reported significant links between Th2 responses and cancer, including insights into the functions of IgE antibodies and associated effector cells in both antitumour immune surveillance and therapy. The interdisciplinary field of AllergoOncology was given Task Force status by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 2014. Affiliated expert groups focus on the interface between allergic responses and cancer, applied to immune surveill

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… IgE has seven glycosylation sites, six of which are occupied mainly by complex N ‐glycans including terminal galactose, sialic acid and fucose structures 94 . …

Воздействие высокоэффективной терапии множественного склероза на клетки B.

Множественный склероз (MS) представляет собой хроническое воспалительное и нейродегенеративное аутоиммунное расстройство центральной нервной системы, характеризующееся демиэлированием и нейродегенерацией. Традиционно рассматриваемая как болезнь с Т-клетоклетками, ключевая роль В-лимфоцитов в его патогенезе через различные механизмы, способствующие воспалению и автоматической активности, получает все большее признание. Риск долгосрочной инвалидности у пациентов с НР может быть снижен за счет раннего начала лечения, в частности с помощью высокоэффективной терапии. Цель этого обзора состоит в том

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… Ublituximab, also administered intravenously, is a chimeric mAb that was developed with low fucose content in its Fc region granting an enhanced affinity to the FcγRIIIa (CD16) receptor on NK cells, and thus increasing the NK-mediated ADCC towards target cells [ 36 ]. …

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, Antibody-Drug Conjugates, and Bispecific Antibodies in Oncogene-Driven Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Evolving Roles in Treatment Sequencing and Resistance Management.

The treatment landscape of oncogene-driven non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has evolved substantially with the development of targeted therapies directed against actionable molecular alterations. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remain the cornerstone of treatment for many driver-defined subsets; however, acquired resistance, central nervous system progression, and tumor heterogeneity continue to limit long-term disease control. This review examines the mechanistic foundations, clinical evidence, resistance patterns, and emerging therapeutic roles of TKIs, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a

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… Third, amivantamab engages immune effector cells through its low-fucose, optimized Fc domain, mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) via natural killer cells and antibody-dependent cellular trogocytosis (ADCT) via macrophages [ 56 , 57 ]. …

Bioengineered Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Anti-Cancer Therapy: Current Trends and Future Prospects.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are one of the most widely used cell types in advanced therapies due to their therapeutic potential in the regulation of tissue repair and homeostasis, and immune modulation. However, their use in cancer therapy is controversial: they can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, but also potentially promote tumour growth by supporting angiogenesis, modulation of the immune milieu and increasing cancer stem cell invasiveness. This opposite behaviour highlights the need for careful and nuanced use of MSCs in cancer treatment. To optimize their anti-cancer effects,

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… Treatment of MSCs with an α(1,3)-fucosyltransferase VI or VII in the presence of GDP-fucose has been shown to convert CD44 into the E-selectin ligand HCELL glycovariant on the MSC surface. …

Realizing Innate Potential: CAR-NK Cell Therapies for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Next-generation cellular immunotherapies seek to improve the safety and efficacy of approved CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell products or apply their principles across a growing list of targets and diseases. Supported by promising early clinical experiences, CAR modified natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapies represent a complementary and potentially off-the-shelf, allogeneic solution. While acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents an intuitive disease in which to investigate CAR based immunotherapies, key biological differences to B-cell malignancies have complicated progress to dat

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… This principle was shown to enhance bone marrow homing in a xenograft lymphoma model using NK-92 cells treated ex vivo with human Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase (Fut6) and GDP-fucose [ 171 ]. 4.4.2. …

Antibodies to watch in 2022.

In this 13th annual installment of the annual 'Antibodies to Watch' article series, we discuss key events in commercial antibody therapeutics development that occurred in 2021 and forecast events that might occur in 2022. Regulatory review of antibody therapeutics that target the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus proceeded at an unprecedented pace in 2021, resulting in both emergency use authorizations and full approvals for sotrovimab, regdanvimab, REGEN-COV2, as well as others, in numerous countries. As of November 1, a total of 11 antibody therapeutics had been granted first approvals in either the Un

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… The IgG1-based drug contains low fucose and has been shown in relevant in vivo models to function through multiple mechanisms of action, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), receptor downmodulation, and trogocytosis. 47 The recommended dosage of Rybrevant is based on baseline …

Precision Reprogramming in CAR-T Cell Therapy: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions of Advanced Gene Editing.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy represents a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy, demonstrating impressive clinical outcomes, particularly for hematologic malignancies. However, its broader therapeutic application, especially against solid tumors, remains limited. Key challenges include T cell exhaustion, limited persistence, cytokine-mediated toxicities, and logistical hurdles associated with manufacturing autologous products. Emerging gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas systems, base editing, and prime editing, offer novel approaches to optimize CAR-T cells, aiming

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… For instance, amino acid transporters Slc7a1 and Slc38a2 were found to hinder T MEM differentiation by activating mTORC1 signaling, while targeting these transporters or the GDP-fucose-Pofut1-Notch axis can selectively enhance T MEM development 111 . 4.2.3 Leveraging scCRISPR screens to reprogram CAR-T …

Recent Clinical Trials Insights into the Treatment of Primary Membranous Nephropathy.

Immunosuppressive therapy is mandatory for primary membranous nephropathy with persistent nephrotic proteinuria or anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies, reduced kidney function, or another risk factor for progression. Rituximab has demonstrated efficacy for proteinuria remission compared with renin-angiotensin system blockade or cyclosporine in two well-powered randomized controlled trials. More recently, STARMEN showed that alternating glucocorticoid-cyclophosphamide is superior to sequential tacrolimus-rituximab for proteinuria remission, although it was associated with a higher risk of

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… Obinutuzumab is a fully humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with reduced fucose content that binds to a CD20 epitope partially overlapping with that recognized by RTX. Obinutuzumab produces a much more intense and long-lasting decline in CD20+ B cells. …