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Homoharringtonine: updated insights into its efficacy in hematological malignancies, diverse cancers and other biomedical applications.

HHT has emerged as a notable compound in the realm of cancer treatment, particularly for hematological malignancies. Its multifaceted pharmacological properties extend beyond traditional applications, warranting an extensive review of its mechanisms and efficacy. This review aims to synthesize comprehensive insights into the efficacy of HHT in treating hematological malignancies, diverse cancers, and other biomedical applications. It focuses on elucidating the molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and broader applications of HHT. A comprehensive search for peer-reviewed papers was condu

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… It has been demonstrated that HHT can effectively inhibit the proliferation, viability, and soft-agar colony formation of Gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, specifically the A549 and H1975 lines. …

Cardiac Cachexia: Unaddressed Aspect in Cancer Patients.

Tumor-derived cachectic factors such as proinflammatory cytokines and neuromodulators not only affect skeletal muscle but also affect other organs, including the heart, in the form of cardiac muscle atrophy, fibrosis, and eventual cardiac dysfunction, resulting in poor quality of life and reduced survival. This article reviews the holistic approaches of existing diagnostic, pathophysiological, and multimodal therapeutic interventions targeting the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for cancer-induced cardiac cachexia. The major drivers of cardiac muscle wasting in cancer patients are au

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… alternate days for 11 days and sacrificed on 12 th day | Doxo: a 20% decrease in [LV(dP/dt) max] and a 33% decrease in [LV(dP/dt) min] ; paclitaxel: No significant changes; doxo + paclitaxel: a 39% decrease in [LV(dP/dt) max] and a 46% decrease [LV(dP/dt) min ] | [ 87 ] 3 | Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: gefitinib … On the 5th day, cells were treated with drugs, and after 3 days, cells were lysed to measure LDH activity | Lapatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib: no cardiotoxicity; imatinib, sorafenib: mild; sunitinib, dasatinib: moderate toxicity. …

Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches.

Skin cancer is a global threat to the healthcare system and is estimated to incline tremendously in the next 20 years, if not diagnosed at an early stage. Even though it is curable at an early stage, novel drug identification, clinical success, and drug resistance is another major challenge. To bridge the gap and bring effective treatment, it is important to understand the etiology of skin carcinoma, the mechanism of cell proliferation, factors affecting cell growth, and the mechanism of drug resistance. The current article focusses on understanding the structural diversity of skin cancers, tr

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… Application of chemotherapeutics (5-flurouracil or imiquimod) | Superficial; Localised cSCC | Yes Systemic chemotherapy | Single or combination therapies of different chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin and 5-flurouracil | Locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic cSCC | Yes Systemic Targeted Therapy Gefitinib …

The Application of Artificial Intelligence and Drug Repositioning for the Identification of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: A Review.

Artificial intelligence talks about modeling intelligent behavior through a computer with the least human involvement. Drug repositioning techniques based on artificial intelligence accelerate the research process and decrease the cost of experimental studies. Dysregulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors as the tyrosine kinase family of receptors plays a vital role in a wide range of malignancies. Because of their functional significance, they were considered promising drug targets for the therapy of various cancers. This review has summarized small molecules capable of inhibiting

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… A mechanism of resistance to gefitinib mediated by cellular reprogramming and the acquisition of an FGF2-FGFR1 autocrine growth loop. Oncogenesis. 2013;2:e39. doi: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.4. 49. Yadav V, Zhang X, Liu J, Estrem S, Li S, Gong XQ, et al. …

Bedside implications of the use of surrogate endpoints in solid and haematological cancers: implications for our reliance on PFS, DFS, ORR, MRD and more.

Clinical endpoints, such as overall survival, directly measure relevant outcomes. Surrogate endpoints, in contrast, are intermediate, stand-in measures of various tumour-related metrics and include tumour growth, tumour shrinkage, blood results, etc. Surrogates may be a time point measurement, that is, tumour shrinkage at some point (eg, response rate) or biomarker-assessed disease status, measured at given time points (eg, circulating tumour DNA, ctDNA). They can also be measured over time, as with progression-free survival, which is the time until a patient presents with either disease progr

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… In EGFR-mutant advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR inhibitor, is considered the best first-line treatment based on the survival gain observed in the FLAURA trial, comparing osimertinib to gefitinib or erlotinib. 30 When a treatment is effective …

Treatment of acute kidney injury in cancer patients.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), either of pre-renal, renal or post-renal origin, is an important complication in cancer patients, resulting in worse prognosis, withdrawal from effective oncological treatments, longer hospitalizations and increased costs. The aim of this article is to provide a literature review of general and cause-specific treatment strategies for AKI, providing a helpful guide for clinical practice. We propose to classify AKI as patient-related, cancer-related and treatment-related in order to optimize therapeutic interventions. In the setting of patient-related causes, proper as

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… .) | Dose-dependent toxicity Proteasome inhibitors (e.g. bortezomib, carfilzomib) | Underlying cause is not known; may respond to complement inhibition or plasmapheresis Pentostatine | Dose-dependent toxicity EGFR inhibitor (e.g. cetuximab, gefitinib, erlotinib) | Renal TMA Calcineurin inhibitor (e.g …

Impact of the National Health Insurance Coverage Policy on the Utilisation and Accessibility of Innovative Anti-cancer Medicines in China: An Interrupted Time-Series Study.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the National Health Insurance Coverage (NHIC) policy on the utilisation and accessibility of innovative anti-cancer medicines in Nanjing, China. Methods: We used the adjusted World Health Organisation and Health Action International methodology to calculate the price and availability of 15 innovative anti-cancer medicines included in the National Health Insurance drug list in 20 tertiary hospitals and six secondary hospitals in Nanjing before and after NHIC policy implementation. Interrupted time-series regression was used to analyse the cha

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… Tian et al. evaluated the affordability of three anti-cancer targeted drugs (gefitinib, trastuzumab, and sunitinib) used in urban and rural residents of Hubei province using the WHO and the Health Action International (HAI) standard survey method. …

Precision Oncology-The Quest for Evidence.

The molecular characterization of patient tumors provides a rational and highly promising approach for guiding oncologists in treatment decision-making. Notwithstanding, genomic medicine still remains in its infancy, with innovators and early adopters continuing to carry a significant portion of the clinical and financial risk. Numerous innovative precision oncology trials have emerged globally to address the associated need for evidence of clinical utility. These studies seek to capitalize on the power of predictive biomarkers and/or treatment decision support analytics, to expeditiously and

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… MET amplification occurs with or without T790M mutations in EGFR mutant lung tumors with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007;104:20932–20937. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0710370104. 13. Nahta R., Yuan L.X.H., Zhang B., Kobayashi R., Esteva F.J. …

Genomic innovations in cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and precision therapeutics.

Cancer research has undergone a transformative change with the advent of high-throughput genomic technologies. Advances in next-generation sequencing accelerated the identification of somatic and germline alterations that drive tumorigenesis enabling the transition from traditional histology-based cancer classification to molecularly informed precision oncology. Large-scale sequencing initiatives and clinical genomic profiling facilitated the development of companion diagnostic assays and targeted therapies. Beyond targeted therapies, genomic innovations have also catalyzed the emergence of no

Exploring CAR-PBMCs: A Novel Strategy Against EGFR-Positive Tumor Cells.

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown significant promise in treating hematological malignancies, yet its application in solid tumors, particularly those expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), remains limited. This study investigates the potential of CAR-engineered peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a novel adoptive cell therapy against EGFR-positive cancers. Methods: Lentiviral transduction at an MOI of 50 was performed to generate specific anti-EGFR second generation CAR-effector cells. The transduced PBMCs were stimulated with cytok

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… Several EGFR-targeted therapies have been clinically approved, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI—erlotinib, gefitinib, icotinib, and afatinib) [ 15 ] and monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab, and necitumumab) [ 4 , 16 ]. …

PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy with atezolizumab: a new paradigm in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Now, platinum-based chemotherapy is used as the first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Interestingly, a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as mepolizumab, with other targeted therapies and chemotherapy help to make a significant improvement. Atezolizumab, a fully humanized, engineered monoclonal antibody of IgG1 isotype against the protein programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), blocks PD-1 activation and results in T-cell activity against tumor cells. As the second-line treatment of advanced or metastatic NSCLC, atezolizumab plus chemotherapy was

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… Glucocorticoids may compromise the effect of gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(52):85917–28. 2. Weng X, Luo S, Lin S, Zhong L, Li M, Xin R, Huang P, et al. …

Anti-Tumor Effects of Low Dose Zoledronate on Lung Cancer-Induced Spine Metastasis.

Zoledronate (Zol) is an anti-resorptive/tumoral agent used for the treatment of many cancers including spinal bone metastasis. High systemic administration of a single dose is now the standard clinical care, yet it has been associated with several side effects. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of lower doses Zol on lung cancer and lung cancer-induced bone metastasis cells over a longer time period. Human lung cancer (HCC827) and three bone metastases secondary to lung cancer (BML1, BML3 and BML4) cells were treated with Zol at 1, 3 and 10 µM for 7 days and then assessed for cell prolifer

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… Bisphosphonate zoledronic acid enhances the inhibitory effects of gefitinib on EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2009;278:17–26. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.12.019. 37. Di Salvatore M., Orlandi A., Bagala C., Quirino M., Cassano A., Astone A., Barone C. …

Phase II study of two dose schedules of C.E.R.A. (Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator) in anemic patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving chemotherapy.

BackgroundC.E.R.A. (Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator) is an innovative agent with unique erythropoietin receptor activity and prolonged half-life. This study evaluated C.E.R.A. once weekly (QW) or once every 3 weeks (Q3W) in patients with anemia and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving chemotherapy.MethodsIn this Phase II, randomized, open-label, multicenter, dose-finding study, patients (n = 218) with Stage IIIB or IV NSCLC and hemoglobin (Hb) or= 2 g/dL or achievement of Hb >or= 12 g/dL with no blood transfusion in the previous 28 days determined in two consecuti

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… In the Q3W group, 24 patients were withdrawn for similar reasons: death (11 patients), adverse events (five patients), refused treatment or failed to return (seven patients), and a site error (one patient, who was started on third-line treatment [gefitinib] and the investigator thought the patient had …

Redefining Chemoresistance: Natural Bioactives as Molecular Modulators at the Cancer-Tumor Microenvironment Interface.

Therapeutic resistance remains a critical barrier in effective cancer treatment, contributing to disease recurrence, progression, and reduced patient survival. In recent years, natural bioactive compounds have emerged as promising adjuncts in oncology due to their ability to modulate multiple biological processes involved in resistance. This review explores current evidence on the role of natural compounds in influencing cancer cell behavior and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment. By organizing these compounds into chemical families, we provide a structured overview of their po

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… Similarly, sulforaphane and gefitinib exert comparable effects on this pathway [ 212 ]. Hederagenin enhances cancer therapy outcomes by modulating autophagy markers such as microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 I and II. … Epithelial Transfer of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Erlotinib, Gefitinib, Afatinib, Crizotinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, and Dasatinib: Implications for Clinical Resistance Cancers 2020 12 3322 10.3390/cancers12113322 33182766 PMC7696666 32. Szczygieł M. Markiewicz M. Szafraniec M.J. Hojda A. …

Trial Watch: Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy.

In 1997, for the first time in history, a monoclonal antibody (mAb), i.e., the chimeric anti-CD20 molecule rituximab, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in cancer patients. Since then, the panel of mAbs that are approved by international regulatory agencies for the treatment of hematopoietic and solid malignancies has not stopped to expand, nowadays encompassing a stunning amount of 15 distinct molecules. This therapeutic armamentarium includes mAbs that target tumor-associated antigens, as well as molecules that interfere with tumor-stroma interactions or exert direct

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… Lexatumumab (HGS-ETR2) | TRAILR2 | Solid tumors | I | As single agent | 66 Lintuzumab (SGN-33) | CD33 | Acute myeloid leukemia | IIb | Combined with low-dose cytarabine | 108 MIK-β1 (MA1–35896) | IL2RB | T-LGL leukemia | I | As single agent | 93 Nimotuzumab (h-R3) | EGFR | NSCLC | I | Combined with gefitinib … pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anti-A33 fully-human monoclonal antibody, KRN330, in patients with advanced colorectal cancer Eur J Cancer 2013 49 1169 75 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.033 23294608 102 Kim SH Shim HS Cho J Jeong JH Kim SM Hong YK Sung JH Ha SJ Kim HR Chang H A phase I trial of gefitinib …

Natural Products as Anticancer Agents: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

Natural products have been an invaluable and useful source of anticancer agents over the years. Several compounds have been synthesized from natural products by modifying their structures or by using naturally occurring compounds as building blocks in the synthesis of these compounds for various purposes in different fields, such as biology, medicine, and engineering. Multiple modern and costly treatments have been applied to combat cancer and limit its lethality, but the results are not significantly refreshing. Natural products, which are a significant source of new therapeutic drugs, are cu

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… Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib, erlotinib, and icotinib are directed at tyrosine kinase. Angiogenesis is inhibited by bevacizumab, sunitinib, and sorafenib [ 16 ]. …

Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still i

Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: mechanisms and clinical studies.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consist of monoclonal antibodies that target tumor cells and cytotoxic drugs linked through linkers. By leveraging antibodies' targeting properties, ADCs deliver cytotoxic drugs into tumor cells via endocytosis after identifying the tumor antigen. This precise method aims to kill tumor cells selectively while minimizing harm to normal cells, offering safe and effective therapeutic benefits. Recent years have seen significant progress in antitumor treatment with ADC development, providing patients with new and potent treatment options. With over 300 ADCs explored

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… ) assessed the efficacy of patritumab deruxtecan in patients with previously treated metastatic or unresectable NSCLC. 166 The dose‐escalation phase focused on patients with EGFR‐mutant disease who had progressed after osimertinib or those without T790M mutations who had progressed after erlotinib, gefitinib …

Therapies and nanotherapies for cervical cancer (Review).

Cervical cancer (CC) is a major global health concern, ranking fourth worldwide in mortality, due to its high death rate and strong link to persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infections, which drive cancer progression through cellular dysregulation. Conventional therapies used in the treatment of CC have significant disadvantages, such as adverse side effects that affect the quality of life of patients. These side effects may include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hair loss, fertility problems, damage to nearby organs and systemic toxicity. To address these challenges, there has been an inc

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… Efficacy and mechanism of action of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib, lapatinib and neratinib in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence. Am J Cancer Res. 2015;5:2531–2561. 33. Rini BI. Temsirolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin. …

Does Therapeutic Repurposing in Cancer Meet the Expectations of Having Drugs at a Lower Price?

Therapeutic repurposing emerged as an alternative to the traditional drug discovery and development model (DDD) of new molecular entities (NMEs). It was anticipated that by being faster, safer, and cheaper, the development would result in lower-cost drugs. As defined in this work, a repurposed cancer drug is one approved by a health regulatory authority against a non-cancer indication that then gains new approval for cancer. With this definition, only three drugs are repurposed for cancer: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine (superficial bladder cancer, thalidomide [multiple myeloma], and p

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… For instance, only 15% of cancer patients from LICs and MICs may have access to drugs such as trastuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, erlotinib, gefitinib, and sorafenib [ 10 ]. Trastuzumab is used under a very restrictive policy in public institutions in Latin American countries [ 11 ]. …