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Development of a machine learning algorithm to predict the residual cognitive reserve index.

Elucidating the mechanisms by which late-life neurodegeneration causes cognitive decline requires understanding why some individuals are more resilient than others to the effects of brain change on cognition (cognitive reserve). Currently, there is no way of measuring cognitive reserve that is valid (e.g. capable of moderating brain-cognition associations), widely accessible (e.g. does not require neuroimaging and large sample sizes), and able to provide insight into resilience-promoting mechanisms. To address these limitations, this study sought to determine whether a machine learning approac…

Potential Link Between Cognition and Motor Reserve in Patients With Parkinson's Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there is a link between cognitive function and motor reserve (i.e., individual capacity to cope with nigrostriatal dopamine depletion) in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: A total of 163 patients with drug-naïve PD who underwent 18F-FP-CIT PET, brain MRI, and a detailed neuropsychological test were enrolled. We estimated individual motor reserve based on initial motor deficits and striatal dopamine depletion using a residual model. We performed correlation analyses between motor reserve estimates and cognitive composite scores.

Long-Term Cannabis Use and Cognitive Reserves and Hippocampal Volume in Midlife.

OBJECTIVE: Cannabis use is increasing among midlife and older adults. This study tested the hypotheses that long-term cannabis use is associated with cognitive deficits and smaller hippocampal volume in midlife, which is important because midlife cognitive deficits and smaller hippocampal volume are risk factors for dementia. METHODS: Participants are members of a representative cohort of 1,037 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972-1973 and followed to age 45, with 94% retention. Cannabis use and dependence were assessed at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, 38, and 45. IQ was assessed at ages

Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer's biological continuum: clues for prediction and prevention of dementia.

Cognitive reserve is originally an epidemiological concept that encompasses individual abilities to cope with changes. It is considered the result of a balance between processes of cellular damage and repair, and its description raised much interest in predicting and preventing cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we discussed the concept of cognitive reserve considering the recent definition of AD as a biological continuum and suggest that the protection of cognitive reserve may result from efficient synaptic plasticity mechanisms. Despite pathological chang…

Cognitive Reserve Is Not Associated With Hippocampal Microstructure in Older Adults Without Dementia.

OBJECTIVE: Mean Diffusivity (MD) as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to detect microstructural alterations of the brain's gray matter (GM). A previous study found that higher education, which is a proxy for cognitive reserve (CR), was related to decreased hippocampal MD in middle-aged healthy adults, indicating decreased microstructural damage in more educated participants. Based on this study, we aimed at determining the role of hippocampal GM MD in the interaction of AD pathology and CR in older people without dementia. METHOD: We used a sample of 52 cognitively normal…

Cognitive Reserve in Midlife is not Associated with Amyloid-β Deposition in Late-Life.

We examined associations between cognitive reserve and late-life amyloid-β deposition using florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET). We used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) and ARIC-PET Study. 330 dementia-free participants underwent PET scans. Mean global cortical standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) >1.2 was defined as elevated. Midlife cognition was significantly associated with late-life cognition, but not with late-life elevated SUVR; education was not associated with late-life SUVR, but was strongly associated with late-life cognition. Cognitive reserve …

Pragmatic Language Disorder in Parkinson's Disease and the Potential Effect of Cognitive Reserve.

It is known that patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) may show deficits in several areas of cognition, including speech and language abili … s of cognitive functioning (e.g., working memory and Theory of Mind) and (2) to investigate whether Cognitive Reserve, i.e., the resilience to cognitive impairment provided by life experiences and activities, may compensate for the progressive pragmatic deficits in PD. We found that patients with PD, compared to healthy matched controls, had worse performance in di …

Cognitive reserve and everyday functioning in cognitively unimpaired older adults: evidence from the CAN-PROTECT study.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve (CR) is thought to buffer against the clinical manifestation of dementia, preserving cognitive function despite accumulating pathology. However, less is known about how CR relates to the capacity to independently perform activities of daily living (ADL), particularly among cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults. Here, we investigated this association. METHODS: Baseline data from 1571 CU participants (mean age: 64.7 ± 7.6; 81.3% female) from the CAN-PROTECT study were analyzed. A composite CR score was derived from education, occupational complexity, and engagem…

The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Coping with Subjective Cognitive Complaints: An Exploratory Study of People with Parkinson's Disease (PwPD).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Depression, anxiety and apathy are often associated with subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) without cognitive impairment. Cognitive reserve (CR) enhances emotional resilience, allowing people to better cope with stress and emotional challenges, factors affecting quality of life. We aimed to explore the relationship between CR and mood/anxiety in cognitively intact PwPD with and without SCCs. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 133 PwPD and normal cognitive function (age 59.8 ± 6.7 years; disease duration 9.0 ±…

Cognitive profiles in first-episode psychosis: The impact of genetics, environment, and cognitive reserve as risk and protective factors.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a core but heterogeneous feature of first-episode psychosis (FEP). Genetic liability, environmental exposures, and protective mechanisms such as cognitive reserve (CR) have been implicated in cognition. We examined whether cognitive profiles in FEP differed according to polygenic risk scores (PRS), individual and cumulative environmental exposures measured with the Maudsley Environmental Risk Score (ERS), and CR. METHODS: A total of 114 individuals with non-affective FEP underwent neuropsychological assessments at baseline and two-year follow-up; environmen…

Effect of Cognitive Reserve on Age at Symptom Onset and Cognitive Decline in Individuals With Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cognitive reserve has been shown to modulate the onset and progression of Alzheimer disease (AD) symptoms. Although its role in sporadic AD is well-studied, how cognitive reserve influences the timing and progression of symptoms in dominantly inherited AD (DIAD) remains unclear. This study aimed to quantify cognitive reserve in DIAD carriers and test whether higher cognitive reserve is associated with later symptom onset and slower functional decline. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network study. Cognitive reserve was modeled usi…

Associations of cognitive reserve with IGF-1 and global cognition differ by early-life conditions and APOE genotype.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a crucial role in brain health and cognitive function, with levels varying across APOE genotypes, … nce, and life trajectories, and provide support for associations between early-life experiences and cognitive reserve proxies.

Influence of cognitive reserve on cognitive and motor function in α-synucleinopathies: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.

Cognitive reserve has shown promise as a justification for neuropathologically unexplainable clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence suggests this effect may be replicated in conditions like Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. However, the relationships between cognitive reserve and different cognitive abilities, as well as motor outcomes, are still poorly understood in these conditions. Additionally, it is unclear whether the reported effects are confounded by medication. This review analysed studies investigating the relationship bet…

Evidence for bilingualism as a cognitive reserve factor in biomarker-confirmed Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Bilingualism is a proposed cognitive reserve factor that delays symptom onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD), though current evidence lacks biomarker confirmation. This retrospective study examined bilingualism's association with symptom onset across AD clinical stages, including biomarker-confirmed cases. METHODS: Participants from the Sant Pau Memory Unit spanning amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), amnestic dementia, and biomarker-confirmed AD were analyzed, with balanced representation of active and passive Spanish-Catalan bilinguals. Linear regression models evaluated as…

Роль Когнитивного резерва в результатах реабилитации после разрушения: систематический обзор.

Справочная информация/цели: Строк остается одной из основных причин инвалидности и смерти, при этом выжившие лица сталкиваются со значительными физическими, когнитивными и эмоциональными проблемами. Реабилитация имеет решающее значение для восстановления, однако результаты могут быть весьма различными. Когнитивный резерв (КП) стал одним из факторов, влияющих на эти результаты. В рамках этого систематического обзора оценивается роль ЧР в послеаварийной реабилитации, а также рассматривается вопрос о том, связано ли повышение ЧР с более высокими результатами. Методы: Для исследований, опубликован

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Background/Objectives: Stroke remains a major cause of disability and death, with survivors facing significant physical, cognitive, and emotional challenges. Rehabilitation is crucial for recovery, but outcomes can vary widely. Cognitive reserve (CR) has emerged as a factor influencing these outcomes. This systematic review evaluates the role of CR in post-s…

The utility of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire in chronic traumatic brain injury.

Objective: This study examined the relationship between cognitive reserve measured with the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) and cognitive and functional outcomes in a chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) cohort compared to a non-TBI cohort. The utility of the CRIq was compared to common proxies of cognitive reserve (premorbid IQ and years of education) in TBI and non-TBI cohorts. Method: Participants were 105 individuals with moderate-severe TBI (10-33 years post injury) and 91 participants without TBI. Cognitive outcome was examined across four cognitive factors; verbal memory, v…

Childhood IQ and adult mental disorders: a test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive reserve has been proposed as important in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, tests of the association between premorbid IQ and adult mental disorders other than schizophrenia have been limited and inconclusive. The authors tested the hypothesis that low childhood IQ is associated with increased risk and severity of adult mental disorders. METHOD: Participants were members of a representative 1972-1973 birth cohort of 1,037 males and females in Dunedin, New Zealand, who were followed up to age 32 with 96% retention. WISC-R IQ was assessed at ages 7, 9, an…

Cognitive reserve, emotion perception and theory of mind in non-demented Parkinson's disease.

The Cognitive Reserve (CR) hypothesis attempts to account for individual differences in vulnerability to age- or pathology-related brain changes, where lifetime experiences (e.g., education, literacy attainment) have protective effects on cognitive decline. While evidence suggests CR proxies predict cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease (PD), it is less clear whether CR proxies attenuate decline on social cognition tasks. This study examined the influence of distinct CR proxies on performance on social cognition tasks assessing theory of mind and emotion perception. Twenty non-demented …

Developmental conditions and adult socioeconomic context jointly shape cognitive aging through brain reserve.

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive aging shows substantial inter-individual heterogeneity, which may be shaped by both early-life developmental conditions and adult socioeconomic environments. However, how these life-course factors jointly relate to cognitive aging and the potential neuroanatomical correlates underlying these associations remain unclear. METHODS: Using data from 35,105 UK Biobank participants with birth weight information, comprehensive cognitive assessments, and brain MRI, we examined associations between early-life growth and domain-specific cognitive performance in mid- to late adultho

Cognitive reserve predicts baseline tau burden in the U.S. POINTER trial imaging cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Higher cognitive reserve (CR) is associated with reduced dementia risk. We hypothesized that higher CR is associated with less baseline Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in the U.S. Study to Protect Brain Health Through Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Risk (U.S. POINTER) cohort. METHODS: A subsample of participants underwent amyloid beta and tau positron emission tomography imaging. Regression analysis was used to model the association between educational attainment (EA) as a CR proxy measure, amyloid positivity, and entorhinal cortex (ERC) and meta-temporal region of interest…