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Tissue Engineering; Current Status & Futuristic Scope.

Almost 30 years have passed since the term 'tissue engineering' was created to represent a new concept that focuses on the regeneration of neotissues from cells with the support of biomaterials and growth factors. This interdisciplinary engineering has attracted much attention as a new therapeutic means that may overcome the drawbacks involved in the current artificial organs and organ transplantation that have also been aiming at replacing lost or severely damaged tissues or organs. However, the tissues regenerated by tissue engineering and widely applied to patients are still minimal, includ…

Data-driven engineering of protein therapeutics.

Protein therapeutics requires a series of properties beyond biochemical activity, including serum stability, low immunogenicity, and manufacturability. Mutations that improve one property often decrease one or more of the other essential requirements for therapeutic efficacy, making the protein engineering challenge difficult. The past decade has seen an explosion of new techniques centered around cheaply reading and writing DNA. This review highlights the recent use of such high throughput technologies for engineering protein therapeutics. Examples include the use of human antibody repertoire…

An introduction to bone tissue engineering.

Bone tissue has the capability to regenerate itself; however, defects of a critical size prevent the bone from regenerating and require additional support. To aid regeneration, bone scaffolds created out of autologous or allograft bone can be used, yet these produce problems such as fast degradation rates, reduced bioactivity, donor site morbidity or the risk of pathogen transmission. The development of bone tissue engineering has been used to create functional alternatives to regenerate bone. This can be achieved by producing bone tissue scaffolds that induce osteoconduction and integration, …

Current state of urethral tissue engineering.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Urethrotomy remains the first-line therapy in the treatment of a urethral stricture despite data showing no real chance o … uccess rates in the pilot clinical studies were highly variable. SUMMARY: The research with tissue engineering of the urethra has not yet been translated into a clinically available material. This is an area where much more research is needed and we would conclude that it is an area of unmet clinical need where users of tissue-engineered urethra in the futur …

Toward tissue-engineering of nasal cartilages.

Nasal cartilage pathologies are common; for example, up to 80% of people are afflicted by deviated nasal septum conditions. Because cartilag … ons. Tissue-engineered neocartilage holds promise to address the limitations of current grafts. The engineering design process may be used to create suitable graft tissues. This process begins by identifying the surgeon's needs. Second, nasal cartilages' properties must be understood to define engineering design criteria. Limited investigations have examined …

Trachea Mechanics for Tissue Engineering Design.

Trachea replacement for nonoperable defects remains an unsolved problem due to complications with stenosis and mechanical insufficiency. While native trachea has anisotropic mechanical properties, the vast majority of engineered constructs focus on uniform cartilaginous-like conduits. These conduits often lack quantitative mechanical analysis at the construct level, which limits analysis of functional outcomes in vivo, as well as comparisons across studies. This review aims to present a clear picture of native tracheal mechanics at the tissue and organ level, as well as loading conditions to e

Cell Sheet Engineering and Kidney Diseases.

Treatment using the cell sheet technology has been applied to various organs, including the cornea, heart, esophagus, periodontium, cartilage, middle ear, and lungs. It has been shown that the therapeutic efficacy of cell sheet transplantation involves 2 aspects, supplementation of cells and provision of cytokines to the affected organ. In addition, cell sheet transplantation also promotes repair of damage through the paracrine effects of cytokines derived from the transplanted cells. It is known that in cases of cell transplantation by injection, the transplanted cells are less likely to diff

Tissue Engineering Strategies for Osteochondral Repair.

Tissue engineering strategies have been pushing forward several fields in the range of biomedical research. The musculoskeletal field is not an exception. In fact, tissue engineering has been a great asset in the development of new treatments for osteochondral lesions. Herein, we overview the recent developments in osteochondral tissue engineering. Currently, the treatments applied in a clinical scenario have shown some drawbacks given the difficulty in regenerating a fully functional hyaline cartilage. Among the different strategies designed for osteochondral regeneration, it is possible to i…

Engineering Vessels as Good as New?

Blood vessels convey essential nutrients to end organs, and when diseased, they must be replaced or bypassed. Traditionally plastic and synthetic materials have been used but are susceptible to thrombosis, stenosis, and poor patency rates. A recent report in Science Translational Medicine describes a decellularized matrix grown in vitro from commercially sourced fibroblasts that can be used as a vascular graft. Fibroblasts are grown for several weeks on a fibrin scaffold, laying down a collagen layer. After decellularization and transplantation as an arteriovenous fistula, this group showed th

Urinary Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities.

INTRODUCTION: In this review, we discuss major advancements and common challenges in constructing and regenerating a neo-urinary conduit (NU … prove the quality of life of patients with bladder cancer. It is possible to achieve a TE-NUC by bioengineering an implant that has appropriate biological and mechanical properties to store and transport urine. We anticipate that future advancements in urothelium regeneration and material design will lead us closer to successful neo-urinary tissue constructs. …

Tissue Engineering for Vertical Ridge Reconstruction.

This article provides an overview of basic tissue engineering principles as they are applied to vertical ridge defects and reconstructive techniques for these types of deficiencies. Presented are multiple clinical cases ranging from office-based dentoalveolar procedures to the more complex reconstruction of postresection mandibular defects. Several different types of regenerative tissue constructs are presented; either used alone or in combination with traditional reconstructive techniques and procedures, such as maxillary sinus augmentation, Le Fort I osteotomy, and microvascular free tissue …

Translational nanoparticle engineering for cancer vaccines.

Conventional cancer treatments remain insufficient to treat many therapy-resistant tumors.1 Cancer vaccines attempt to overcome this resistance by activating the patient's immune system to eliminate tumor cells without the toxicity of systemic chemotherapy and radiation. Nanoparticles (NPs) are promising as customizable, immunostimulatory carriers to protect and deliver antigen. Although many NP vaccines have been investigated in preclinical settings, a few have advanced into clinical application, and still fewer have demonstrated clinical benefit. This review incorporates observations from NP

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… Clinical and preclinical literature are synthesized to make recommendations on NP engineering and trial design criteria for optimal antitumor efficacy and translation. …

Tissue Engineering Strategies for Auricular Reconstruction.

Simulating natural characteristics and aesthetics in reconstructed ears has provided a complex 3-dimensional puzzle for those treating patients with microtia. Costochondral grafts remain the gold standard for autologous reconstruction. However, other options such as Medpor and prosthetics are indicated depending on patient circumstances and personal choice. Research into tissue engineering offers an alternative method to a traditional surgical approach that may reduce donor-site morbidity. However, tissue engineering for microtia reconstruction brings new challenges such as cell sourcing, prom…

Phase Engineering of 2D Tin Sulfides.

Tin sulfides can exist in a variety of phases and polytypes due to the different oxidation states of Sn. A subset of these phases and polytypes take the form of layered 2D structures that give rise to a wide host of electronic and optical properties. Hence, achieving control over the phase, polytype, and thickness of tin sulfides is necessary to utilize this wide range of properties exhibited by the compound. This study reports on phase-selective growth of both hexagonal tin (IV) sulfide SnS2 and orthorhombic tin (II) sulfide SnS crystals with diameters of over tens of microns on SiO2 substrat

Engineering of Human Corneal Endothelial Grafts.

Human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) play a pivotal role in maintaining corneal transparency. Unlike in other species, HCEC are notorious … ction with an increasing trend toward endothelial keratoplasty, it is opportune to develop a tissue engineering strategy to produce HCEC grafts. Prior attempts of producing these grafts by unlocking the contact inhibition-mediated mitotic block using trypsin-EDTA and culturing of single HCEC in a bFGF-containing medium run the risk of losing the normal phenot …

Recent advances in nerve tissue engineering.

Nerve injury secondary to trauma, neurological disease or tumor excision presents a challenge for surgical reconstruction. Current practice for nerve repair involves autologous nerve transplantation, which is associated with significant donor-site morbidity and other complications. Previously artificial nerve conduits made from polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid and collagen were approved by the FDA (USA) for nerve repair. More recently, there have been significant advances in nerve conduit design that better address the requirements of nerve regrowth. Innovations in materials science, nanote

Tissue engineering in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Engineered diaphragmatic repair is emblematic of perinatal regenerative medicine and of the fetal tissue engineering concept. The alternative of a cellularized graft for the repair of a congenital diaphragmatic defect in the neonatal period is both biologically justifiable by the mechanisms behind diaphragmatic hernia recurrence as well as an ideal match for fetal mesenchymal stem cell-based constructs. It has been among the most developed experimental pursuits in neonatal tissue engineering, of which clinical application should be forthcoming.

Experimental tissue engineering of fetal skin.

PURPOSE: In some human fetuses undergoing prenatal spina bifida repair, the skin defect is too large for primary closure. The aim of this study was to engineer an autologous fetal skin analogue suitable for in utero skin reconstruction during spina bifida repair. METHODS: Keratinocytes (KC) and fibroblasts (FB) isolated from skin biopsies of 90-day-old sheep fetuses were cultured. Thereafter, plastically compressed collagen hydrogels and fibrin gels containing FB were prepared. KC were seeded onto these dermal constructs and allowed to proliferate using different culture media. Constructs wer

Engineering knottins as novel binding agents.

Cystine-knot miniproteins, also known as knottins, contain a conserved core of three tightly woven disulfide bonds which impart extraordinary thermal and proteolytic stability. Interspersed between their conserved cysteine residues are constrained loops that possess high levels of sequence diversity among knottin family members. Together these attributes make knottins promising molecular scaffolds for protein engineering and translational applications. While naturally occurring knottins have shown potential as both diagnostic agents and therapeutics, protein engineering is playing an important…