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Argyrophilic grains in late-onset Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseased brain.

Braak's argyrophilic grains (ArG) are spindle-shaped structures originally described in patients with dementia. Herein, a unique case of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) accompanied by numerous ArG is presented. The pathological picture was typical of CJD based on the findings of routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. The highest density of ArG was observed throughout the parahippocampal gyrus and the temporal gyri; however, the sector CA1 of the hippocampus showed less ArG. An immunohistochemical analysis for prion protein (PrP) revealed diffuse fine neuropil staining in the cerebral cor…

Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF) syndrome: selective vulnerability of CNS neurons does not correlate with the level of mitochondrial tRNAlys mutation in individual neuronal isolates.

Selective vulnerability of subpopulations of neurons is a striking feature of neurodegeneration. Mitochondrially transmitted diseases are no exception. In this study CNS tissues from a patient with myoclonus epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF) syndrome, which results from an A to G transition of nucleotide (nt) 8344 in the mitochondrial tRNALys gene, were examined for the proportion of mutant mtDNA. Either individual neuronal somas or the adjacent neuropil and glia were microdissected from cryostat tissue sections of histologically severely affected brain regions, including dentate nuclei, …

Distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the vocal motor system of zebra finches.

The distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity (ChAT-IR) was surveyed in the vocal motor system of adult male and female zebra finches and was compared with the pattern of histochemical acetylcholinesterase (AChE-His). In the vocal motor system the most prominent accumulation of ChAT-IR somata was found in lobus parolfactorius (LPO) including Area X. Immunoreactive neuropil was found to be concentrated in pericellular networks of fibers in male's Area X while the corresponding area in females could not be demarcated within the LPO. The density of ChAT-IR fiber networks was much…

Impairment of the GABAergic system in the prefrontal cortex of male heroin addicts.

Opioid addiction is a global concern and the largest health burden among drug use disorders. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions play a key mult … efrontal cortex (DLPFC), in opioid addiction by densitometric evaluation of GAD 65/67-immunostained neuropil bilaterally. The neuropil was assessed in parallel with the density of immunostained somata. The study showed a significantly decreased neuropil density in layer III of the left ventral part of the ACC (ACCv) in 13 heroin-addicted males, compared to …

Osteopontin-immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal sensory nuclei.

Osteopontin-immunoreactivity (OPN-ir) was examined in the oro-facial tissues and trigeminal sensory nuclei (principal sensory nucleus and sp … were found only in the hard palate. The trigeminal sensory nuclei contained OPN-ir cell bodies and neuropil. The neuropil was devoid of ir in laminae I and II of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH), and had various staining intensities in other regions of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Transection of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves caused an inc …

Observations on the survival of grafted embryonic motoneurons in the spinal cord of developing rats.

The sciatic nerve of newborn rats was injured unilaterally. Small solid grafts of ED-12 embryonic spinal cord prelabeled with 5-bromo-2'-deo … up 2 (animals with adult implants) numerous retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the host's neuropil. Despite the access to the target there were no BrDUr-positive cells of embryonic origin that contained the retrograde labels. Indeed no motoneuron-like cells of embryonic origin were seen in the host neuropil in any of the animals which received a …

Neuronal architecture of the mosquito deutocerebrum.

Mosquito behavior is heavily dependent on olfactory and mechanosensory cues, which are detected by receptor neurons on the antenna and on th … receiving peripheral input according to a somatotopic pattern. Within the antennal nerve a specific neuropil containing early, bouton-like ramifications of receptor neurons is described. Within the glomerular array of the AL, neurons providing a possible feedback circuit to antennal receptor neurons are shown. With these results we provide a new resolution …

Nonneuronal contributions to synaptic function.

Synapses are elegantly integrated signaling hubs containing the canonical synaptic elements, neuronal pre- and postsynapses, along with other components of the neuropil, including perisynaptic astroglia and extracellular matrix proteins, as well as microglia and oligodendrocytes. Signaling within these multipartite hubs is essential for synaptic function and is often disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders. We review data that have refined our understanding of how environmental stimuli shape signaling and synaptic plasticity within synapses. We propose working models that integrate what is kno…

Cytologic features of central neurocytomas of the brain. A report of three cases.

BACKGROUND: Although cytologic smears are major tools for intraoperative diagnosis of intracranial tumors, cytologic features of central neu … heets of round cells with finely stippled nuclear chromatin and perinuclear haloes. Calcospherites, neuropil islands and rosettelike structures were focally encountered. The background neuropil was finely fibrillated, but the tumor cells possessed no appreciable cellular processes. CONCLUSION: Central neurocytomas possess distinct cytologic features that …

Optical recording of responses to odor in olfactory structures of the nervous system in the terrestrial mollusk Helix.

Electrophysiological methods and optical methods based on the use of potential-sensitive dyes were used to record stable rhythmic oscillatio … oundary of the propagation of the evoked potential was essentially similar to the projection of the neuropil, and rhythmic oscillations were recorded in the projection layer of procerebrum cell bodies. Evoked potential waves appeared in areas corresponding to the site at which the olfactory nerve enters the cerebral ganglion (of which the procerebrum forms …

Influence of receptor axons on the formation of olfactory glomeruli in a hemimetabolous insect, the cockroach Periplaneta americana.

The embryonic development of the hemimetabolous insect Periplaneta americana requires approximately 31 days. Deafferentation experiments were used to investigate the role of ingrowing receptor axons during embryogenesis, specifically their influence 1) on the subdivision of the antennal lobe neuropil into glomeruli, 2) on the morphology and number of glial cells, and 3) on the arborization pattern of central neurons. The flagellum of one antenna was removed from embryos at different developmental stages starting with day 10. Subsequently, they were raised in culture until a total age of 26 day…

Neuronal surface antigen-specific immunostaining pattern on a rat brain immunohistochemistry in autoimmune encephalitis.

A variety of neuronal surface (NS) antibodies (NS-Ab) have been identified in autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Tissue-based assay (TBA) using a rodent brain immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to screen NS-Ab, while cell-based assay (CBA) to determine NS antigens. Commercial rat brain IHC is currently available but its clinical relevance remains unclear. Immunostaining patterns of NS antigens have not been extensively studied yet. To address these issues, we assessed a predictive value of "neuropil pattern" and "GFAP pattern" on commercial IHC in 261 patients, and characterized an immunostaining p…

Asynchronous suppression of visual cortex during absence seizures in stargazer mice.

Absence epilepsy is a common childhood disorder featuring frequent cortical spike-wave seizures with a loss of awareness and behavior. Using the calcium indicator GCaMP6 with in vivo 2-photon cellular microscopy and simultaneous electrocorticography, we examined the collective activity profiles of individual neurons and surrounding neuropil across all layers in V1 during spike-wave seizure activity over prolonged periods in stargazer mice. We show that most (~80%) neurons in all cortical layers reduce their activity during seizures, whereas a smaller pool activates or remains neutral. Unexpect…

Morphometric comparison of the motor trigeminal neurons.

Comparative morphological and morphometric studies of the motor trigeminal nucleus (MTN) were carried out on the brains of an alligator, a human being and a rat for the first time. Differences in neurons regarding sizes, areas, numbers, column volumes, neuropil indices and circulatory ratios were found. The results showed that the positions and shapes of the MTN were different, and the shapes of motor neurons were different, too. The average area of motor trigeminal neurons was the largest in the alligator, compared with the area in the human being, and the rat; the number of neurons and the c…

Histoenzmological mapping of ATPase and 5-nucleotidase in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of hedgehog (Paraechinus micropus).

The contribution presented deals with the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-A) and 5-nucleotidase (AMP-A) in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of hedgehog. The highlights of this study are: (1) AMP-A activity is stronger in neuropil than in neurons, in all the areas of spinal cord and medulla oblongata. In the nerve cells the enzyme is localized at the peripheries of the neurons, whereas the cytoplasm and nuclei are completely free from enzymatic activity. Reaction in blood vessels is quite high both in gray and white matter. (2) ATP-A activity is seen mainly at the peripheries…

Alterations in the distribution of glutathione in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.

Depletion of reduced glutathione occurs in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and in incidental Lewy body disease (presymptomatic Parkinson's disease) which may implicate oxidative stress in the neurodegenerative process. In this study mercury orange fluorescent staining and immunostaining with an antibody to reduced glutathione have been used to determine the distribution of reduced glutathione in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease compared with normal individuals. Mercury orange staining showed moderate background levels of fluorescence in the neuropil in both control and P…

Alteration in glutathione content and associated enzyme activities in the synaptic terminals but not in the non-synaptic mitochondria from the frontal cortex of Parkinson's disease brains.

Altered redox dynamics contribute to physiological aging and Parkinson's disease (PD). This is reflected in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD … ute to these protective effects, we examined the distribution of antioxidant/oxidant markers in the neuropil fractions [synaptosomes, non-synaptic mitochondria and cytosol] of FC from PD (n = 9) and controls (n = 8). In the control FC, all the antioxidant activities [Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), GSH peroxidase (GPx), GSH-S-transferase (GS …

Transient morphogenetic constraints organize self-assembling axon neighborhoods for robust yet flexible wiring.

Nervous systems form wiring patterns that are reproducible across individuals. This reproducibility is thought to emerge from molecular encoding and developmental events, but their relative contributions remain unclear. We address this question in the C. elegans neuropil, where embryonic developmental dynamics and adult anatomy are resolved at single-cell resolution. We find that transient morphogenetic structures - rosettes, corridor cells, pioneer axon scaffold - restrict which axons make contact, shaping the neuropil into overlapping neighborhoods. This demonstrates how early events constra…

Нейрональные и глиальные включения в различные неврологические заболевания имеют общие характеристики фосфорилации.

Аккумуляция тау в виде парных вертолётных ниток (PHF) в мозге болезни Альцгеймера считается аномальной фосфорилированной на отдельных участках. Для сравнения состояния фосфорилации тау-позитивных нейронных интеграций среди различных неврологических заболеваний мы провели обследование этих повреждений с помощью трех четко определенных PHF/tau моноклоналов, C5, M4 и tau 1, которые, скорее всего, распознают три участка фосфорилирования с пролинным курсом в PHF-tau. В мозге болезни Альцгеймера все три моноклана, сильно иммунизированные внутриклеточные нейрофибрилляторы, нейропильные нити, старинны

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Tau accumulating as paired helical filaments (PHF) in Alzheimer's disease brain is considered to be abnormally phosphorylated on distinct si … disease brain all three monoclonals intensely immunostained intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, senile plaque neurites, and "pretangle neurons" in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. They also stained, in the same manner, Pick bodies in Pick's disease, and neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in various tangle-forming neurolog …

The allometry of the central nervous system during the postembryonic development of the spider Eratigena atrica.

During ontogenesis, the size of a spider body, tissues and organs increases dramatically. The aim of the study was to estimate changes in th … han that of the CNS, exhibiting a positive allometry. Within both these structures, the increase in neuropil volume was greater than the growth of the cortex (cell body rind). Thus, in postembryonic development, the share of the subesophageal ganglion and neuropil in the total volume of the CNS increased, whereas that of the brain and cortex decreased. The …