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Rabies virus pathogenesis in relationship to intervention with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines.

Despite progress in vaccine development in the past century the mechanisms behind immune responses elicited by rabies biologics or via natural infection remain largely unknown. In this study, we compared protection elicited by standard, early, or delayed prophylaxis with a reduced number of vaccine doses using inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. Two-month-old Syrian hamsters, 4-week-old ICR mice or adult rhesus macaques were inoculated with canine rabies virus variants. Thereafter, prophylaxis was initiated 6h, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days post-exposure (p.e.). One or several doses of inac…

[Application of McAbs against rabies nucleocapsid in diagnosis of rabies street virus].

OBJECTIVE: McAbs against rabies nucleocapsid were used to detect rabies street viruses in animal brain specimens with indirect immunofluorescent assay to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this assay. METHODS: 62 specimen from rabid animal brains including genotype 1 to 7 and 271 specimens from different normal animal brains collected in Pasteur Institute in 2003 were tested and compared, using indirect immunofluorescent assay. All these specimens were identified and compared using rapid rabies enzyme immunodiagnosis, fluorescent antibody test and rabies virus isolation assay in neur…

One-dose intradermal rabies booster enhances rabies antibody production and avidity maturation.

The incidence of rabies in Thailand reached its peak in 2018 with 18 human deaths. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccination is thus recommended for high-risk populations. WHO has recently recommended that patients who are exposed to a suspected rabid animal and have already been immunized against rabies should receive a 1-site intradermal (ID) injection of 0.1 mL on days 0 and 3 as postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). In Thailand, village health and livestock volunteers tasked with annual dog vaccination typically receive only a single lifetime PrEP dose and subsequent boosters solely upon confir…

Current rabies vaccines and prophylaxis schedules: preventing rabies before and after exposure.

Travellers are probably the largest group in the general population to receive rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis. The dangerous consequences of the unavailability of rabies immune globulin in many countries could be ameliorated if pre-exposure rabies vaccination were practised more widely, especially in children, living in dog rabies enzootic countries. The WHO has recommended several different regimens for post-exposure prophylaxis, while individual countries decide on protocols for local use. Intramuscular regimens are expensive and waste vaccine. Although failure to receive vaccine is usually…

Risk-based cost modelling of oral rabies vaccine interventions for raccoon rabies.

Distribution of oral rabies vaccine (ORV) is an effective but costly strategy to control raccoon rabies. Because of high costs, ORV for raccoon rabies in the U.S. has been limited primarily to epizootic areas, leaving extensive raccoon rabies regions without any ORV intervention. Several cost scenarios for ORV application in raccoon rabies enzootic and epizootic regions were modelled in New York State to obtain estimated costs of ORV baits per scenario and potential savings compared with a uniform ORV baiting strategy. These cost scenarios modelled at the census tract, level the application of…

Rabies antibody seroprotection rates among travelers in Nepal: "rabies seroprotection in travelers".

BACKGROUND: Rabies preexposure immunization is recommended for international travelers who are at risk for exposure to rabid animals, especially in areas where postexposure treatment may be limited. Rabies antibody seroprotection rates among international travelers has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVE: To assess preexisting rabies seroprotection among travelers presenting to a health clinic in Nepal. METHODS: A prospective convenience sample of international travelers evaluated at a health center in Kathmandu, Nepal during a 2-month period. Subjects were eligible for inclusion if …

DNA-based immunisation against rabies and rabies-related viruses: towards multivalent vaccines.

Prototypes of multivalent DNA vaccines against lyssaviruses (LV: rabies and rabies-related viruses) and other viruses were developed using chimaeric LV glycoprotein (cLVG) DNA and cLVG DNA carrying foreign epitopes. cLVG is composed of the N-terminal half of an LV genotype (GT) containing antigenic site II, the C-terminal half of GT containing antigenic site III, as well as the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the same or a different GT. Both antigenic sites induced virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAb). Foreign B and T cell epitopes inserted between the two halves of cLVG correspond to…

" История борьбы с работорговцами и работорговцами в Сербии в поддержку кампании " Зеро к 2030 году " .

Городские бешенства (главным образом с помощью собаки) представляют угрозу для здоровья людей, живущих в Сербии на протяжении веков. Первый правовой акт о предотвращении городской бешенства в Сербии был принят в 1834 году путем введения высоких налогов для владельцев собак-питомников. Пять лет спустя в 1839 году департамент здравоохранения министерства внутренних дел Сербии выпустил первую подборку литературы о профилактике бешенства. В качестве основного метода постфактумной профилактики бешенства был представлен обзор катеризации ран бешенства. В 1890 году в Сербии была введена вакцинация лю

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Urban (principally canine-mediated) rabies has been a public health risk for people living in Serbia for centuries. The first legal act in urban rabies prevention in Serbia was established in 1834 by introducing high taxes for pet dog owners. Five years later in 1839, the first set of literature describing rabies prevention was issued by the health departmen…

A novel mRNA rabies vaccine as a promising candidate for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis protects animals from different rabies viruses.

Rabies, caused by the rabies virus (RABV), is the most fatal zoonotic disease. It is a neglected tropical disease which remains a major public health problem, causing approximately 59,000 deaths worldwide annually. Despite the existence of effective vaccines, the high incidence of human rabies is mainly linked to tedious vaccine immunisation procedures and the overall high cost of post-exposure prophylaxis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective vaccine that has a simple procedure and is affordable to prevent rabies infection in humans. RABV belongs to the genus Lyssavirus and fami…

Barriers to Canine Rabies Vaccination in Nigeria: Implications for Rabies Elimination by 2030.

INTRODUCTION: Mass dog rabies vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing human rabies and interrupting transmission. However, achieving high vaccination coverage in dog populations remains challenging in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), due to multiple barriers. In Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, rabies remains a major public health burden, with domestic dogs as the primary reservoir. Efforts to scale up canine rabies vaccination are limited by the lack of a coordinated national programme and challenges related to affordability, service availability, infra…

Intracerebral transfection of anti-rabies virus antibodies is an effective therapy for rabies.

Rabies is a neurological disease with 100% lethality. Some of the rare human patients who survived after multiple drug treatment had severe sequelae. The present study showed that after 48 h of RABV inoculation, mice injected intracerebrally with anti-RABV F (ab')2 plus Bioporter® showed 70% survival compared to the control group, suggesting that transfection of anti-RABV antibodies to the brain may prevent or delay the spread of RABV at an early stage of infection. This result may provide important protocol results in intracellular antibody delivery to prevent the fatal outcome of the disease…

Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: the burden of human rabies in Africa.

Hope exists for the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in Africa. Momentum is gathering towards this goal, with an increasing number of successful demonstration projects showing that elimination is feasible. The Pan African Rabies Control Network is bringing Africa together against rabies, supported by the World Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, which have a combined resolution to eliminate human deaths from dog-transmitted rabies by 2030. Furthermore, the inspiring examples of both rinderpest an…

В качестве альтернативы бешенству иммуноглобулину иммуноглобулина иммунистический прививок Раби.

Комбинированная активная и пассивная иммунизация была разработана в качестве оптимальной стратегии для профилактики бешенства после заражения (ППБ). Оперативное применение вакцины и иммуноглобулина (РИГ) может надежно предотвратить это заболевание. Однако в большинстве случаев РГИ недоступна и недоступна. На основе типового эксперимента с использованием хомяков мы продемонстрировали, что инъекции вакцин в месте нанесения раны так же, как и применение РИГ, обеспечили эффективность защиты, которая не ниже нынешней оптимальной ОПТОЗОС, сочетание вакцинации и РИГ. Необходимо дополнительно изучить

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Combined active and passive immunization has been established to be an optimal strategy for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Prompt administration of vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) can reliably prevent the disease. However, RIG is unavailable and unaffordable in the majority of cases. On the basis of a model experiment using hamsters, we demo…

A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the quantitation of rabies virus nucleoprotein in the rabies vaccine.

Sensitive, precise and rapid detection tests are needed in the quality control of rabies vaccine for rabies virus nucleoprotein. Previous studies for quantitation of rabies virus nucleoprotein focused on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A novel immunoassay for rapid determination of rabies virus nucleoprotein in rabies vaccine was first established by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA). Based on a sandwich-type immunoassay format, analytes in samples were captured by one monoclonal antibody coating in the wells and "sandwiched" by another monoclonal antibody labeled with europiu…

An electrochemiluminescence assay for analysis of rabies virus glycoprotein content in rabies vaccines.

Vaccine potency testing is necessary to evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccine preparations before human or veterinary application. Currently, the NIH test is recommended by the WHO expert committee to evaluate RABV vaccine potency. However, numerous disadvantages are inherent concerning cost, number of animals and biosafety requirements. As such, several in vitro methods have been proposed for the evaluation of vaccines based on RABV glycoprotein (G) quality and quantity, which is expected to correlate with vaccine potency. In this study an antigen-capture elec…

Improved PCR methods for detection of African rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses.

Eleven different lyssavirus species, four of which occur on the African continent, are presently recognized. These viruses cause rabies, the burden of which is highest in the developing world, where routine laboratory diagnosis is often not available. From an epidemiological and control perspective, it is necessary that diagnostic methods detect the diversity of lyssaviruses present in different regions of the world. A published and widely used heminested reverse transcription-PCR (hnRT-PCR) was evaluated for its ability to detect a panel of diverse African lyssaviruses. Due to the limitations…

Protection of mice from rabies by intranasal immunization with inactivated rabies virus.

The mucosal immunization method is a needle-free alternative way of vaccination. This study evaluated the efficacy of mucosal immunization for rabies. Mice were intranasally administered five times with inactivated and concentrated rabies virus antigen (CRV) supplemented with or without cholera toxin (CT). The anti-rabies virus antibody titer of mice intranasally immunized with CRV plus CT (CRV/CT) was comparable to that of mice intraperitoneally immunized twice with the same amount of CRV. Virus neutralizing (VNA) titers of mice immunized intranasally with CRV/CT were slightly lower than thos…