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Aberrometry: basic science and clinical applications.

This paper addresses the concept, measurement and applications of wave aberrations. The ocular optics is not perfect. Apart from conventional low order aberrations (such as defocus and astigmatism) retinal images are degraded by other high order aberrations. Aberrometers typically measure ray deviations at the retinal plane, as a function of pupil position, i.e. local derivatives of the wave aberration. The paper discusses state of the art technology to measure the aberrations of the eye (cornea and crystalline lens), both monochromatic and polychromatic. The aberrometers described include the

Enteric pathogenic protozoa in homosexual men from San Francisco.

The prevalence of enteric protozoa was studied in a survey conducted among 150 male homosexual patients in San Francisco. All patients were from a private practice in internal medicine. Each was asked to complete a questionnaire and to submit multiple stool specimens for examination. Of this group, 47% were positive for one or more potentially pathogenic intestinal protozoa; Entamoeba histolytica was found in 36%, Entamoeba hartmanni in 35%, Giardia lamblia in 5%, and Dientamoeba fragilis in 1.3%. Symptoms were unreliable as a diagnostic index of intestinal protozoan infection. Colonization ra

The use of phage-sensitivity patterns for tracing heat labile toxin-positive (LT+) Escherichia coli.

The heat-labile toxin (LT) positive Escherichia coli colonies from 785 stool specimens obtained during a cholera vaccine trial were examined for their phage-sensitivity pattern to 31 E. coli phages. These specimens originated from 105 index cases and their contacts. Isolates with common phage-sensitivity patterns were grouped and were studied further both serologically and for their plasmid profile. The largest group (42 isolates) belonged to serogroup O78 and the second largest group (19 isolates) belonged to serogroup O6. There were 23 index cases which had E. coli with the same phage-sensit

Characteristics of pebble shape and the amount of pebble abrasion measured with a replica reproduced on a curling rink.

The shape of pebbles on a curling rink was measured using a replica of the ice surface of the rink to understand the characteristics of pebbles after being in contact with stones. We focused on pebbles with flat tops for which the average shape was 3.81 mm in diameter at the lower base, 1.16 mm in diameter at the upper surface, 0.12 mm in maximum height, and 5.4° in contact angle. A scratch of about 1 µm in depth and 40 µm in width (traces of pebbles cut by a running band at the bottom of the stone) was observed on the upper surface. The pebbles were also found to have a moderate lower base di

Improving Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance Through Risk-Based Prioritization of Slaughterhouse-Triggered Trace-Back Investigations.

Slaughterhouse detection of lesions compatible with bovine tuberculosis represents a key passive surveillance component in Santa Catarina, Brazil, yet subsequent trace-back investigations often fail to identify infected farms. This study developed a quantitative framework to prioritize epidemiological investigations by estimating the probability of infection associated with each farm connected to PCR-confirmed cases. Using official movement records and historical diagnostic data, we reconstructed the lifetime contact networks of slaughtered cattle presenting confirmed Mycobacterium bovis lesio

Preliminary radiographic observations of the tongue-repositioning manoeuvre.

The tongue-repositioning manoeuvre (TRM) is a method to place the tongue in direct contact with the hard palate. The TRM makes use of voluntary generation of negative interocclusal pressure controlled by an intra-extraoral pressure indicator device in combination with an oral shield. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the TRM influences vertical tongue position and/or tongue-velum contact. Ninety consecutive patients (75 males, aged 26-76 years, and 15 females, aged 36-70 years) who presented with snoring and/or obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) were examined at the University of Göt

[Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA): evaluation of the analgesic effectiveness during ND: YAG laser turbinoplasty].

The analgesic effect of EMLA anesthetic cream is evaluated during contact turbinoplasty with a Neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd: Yag) laser. A total of 48 patients were selected and randomized in two groups. EMLA was applied on the nasal mucosa, respectively, for 15 and 30 minutes after using vasoconstrictor cottonoids. Both groups underwent turbinate reduction by contact with Nd: Yag laser using three discharge incisions traced parallel on the medial surface of the lower turbinate working from the tail to the head. The pain induced by the surgical procedure was evaluated with a visual a

Optimization of Case Finding and Preventive Treatment Among Household Contacts of People with Tuberculosis in Zimbabwe.

Systematic screening of household contacts (HHCs) of people with tuberculosis (TB) and starting them on either TB treatment or tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) reduces TB incidence. This project supported HHC management in six health facilities in Zimbabwe through the provision of CXR services, reimbursement of transport costs for HHCs, and provision of fuel and refreshments for healthcare workers involved in contact tracing. We describe TB and TPT cascades among the HHCs of index patients with all forms of TB. We enrolled 251 index patients who listed 794 HHCs: 551 (69%) HHCs of 158 in…

Assessing transmission risks and control strategy for monkeypox as an emerging zoonosis in a metropolitan area.

To model the spread of monkeypox (MPX) in a metropolitan area for assessing the risk of possible outbreaks, and identifying essential public health measures to contain the virus spread. The animal reservoir is the key element in the modeling of zoonotic disease. Using a One Health approach, we model the spread of the MPX virus in humans considering potential animal hosts such as rodents (e.g., rats, mice, squirrels, chipmunks, etc.) and emphasize their role and transmission of the virus in a high-risk group, including gay and bisexual men-who-have-sex-with-men (gbMSM). From model and sensitivi

Impacts of a measles outbreak in Western Sydney on public health resources.

During February and March 2011, an outbreak of 26 confirmed cases of measles was reported to the Parramatta Public Health Unit (PHU) in western Sydney. This paper describes the impact of the outbreak on PHU resources. A retrospective review of information obtained from case notification forms and associated contact tracing records was carried out for each of the confirmed cases. Seven cases (27%) required hospital admission for more than 1 day and 10 (38%) cases required management within a hospital emergency department. There were no cases of encephalitis or death. The number of contacts was …

Contact sensitization to 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and to isocyanates among general dermatology patients.

BACKGROUND: Diisocyanates and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA) are industrial sensitizers. Occupational asthma is a risk among workers exposed to diisocyanates. Exposure may also lead to contact sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of contact sensitization to MDA and to diisocyanates among general dermatology patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patch testing with MDA was carried out in 1595 patients. Diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) were tested in 1023 patients and isophorone dii

The legal framework covering the practice of genitourinary medicine in the UK: the Venereal Diseases Regulations.

The legal framework governing the practice of genitourinary medicine is traced from 1916 to the present. The first legislation, the Public H … enereal disease, but allows transfer of details between healthcare providers to facilitate care and contact tracing. While the initial regulations stated that the venereal diseases were syphilis, gonorrhoea and chancroid, the legislation now covers all sexually transmitted diseases.

Trace element and lipidomic analysis of bottlenose dolphin blubber from the Yucatan coast: Lipid composition relationships.

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are found in coastal and estuarine ecosystems where they are in continuous contact with multiple abiotic and biotic stressors in the environment. Due to their role as predators, they can bioaccumulate contaminants and are considered sentinel organisms for monitoring the health of coastal marine ecosystems. The northern zonal coast of the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico has a high incidence of anthropogenic activities. The principal objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to determine the presence of trace metals and their correlation with lipids in bottl

Mantoux skin test reactivity among household contacts of HIV-infected and HIV un-infected patients with sputum smear positive TB in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of Tuberculosis (TB) infection as demonstrated by a positive Mantoux skin test (MST) among household co … h a positive MST was high and uninfluenced by the HIV serostatus of the index case. Efforts towards contact tracing and screening for TB among close contacts of SSP PTB patients should be enhanced.

Understanding adherence to self-isolation in the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in England: a cross-sectional mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: During the early "containment" phase of the COVID-19 response in England (January-March 2020), contact tracing was managed by Public Health England (PHE). Adherence to self-isolation during this phase and how people were making those decisions has not previously been determined. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of decisions around adherence to self-isolation during the first phase of the COVID-19 response in England. METHODS: A mixed-methods cross sectional study was conducted, including an online survey and qualitative interviews. The overall pattern of ad…

The Czech Conundrum: Institutional Trust Erosion and COVID-19 Pandemic Mortality.

UNLABELLED: Policy Points Institutional trust appears to constitute an essential component of pandemic preparedness. Czech excess mortality- … nfluenced mortality: reduced compliance with public health measures, vaccine hesitancy, collapse of contact tracing, and governance-associated misperceptions of the scientific consensus. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that governance stability and institutional trust appear to function as important public health pandemic preparedness measures.

Results of a population screening intervention for tuberculosis in a Nunavik village, Quebec, 2015-2016.

BACKGROUND: A small village in Nunavik, Quebec experienced a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak in 2012-2013 and then a resurgence in 2015-2016. Cases were still occurring, despite the fact that contact tracing had already been conducted on one quarter of the population. A decision was taken to conduct large-scale screening of the population for TB. OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of a population-based TB screening intervention designed to identify individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB requiring treatment. METHODOLOGY: The history of TB infection (either active TB or LTBI, defi…

Анализ цепи передачи вируса Эболы за 2014 - 2015 годы в округе Коинадугу, Сьерра-Леоне: исследование по наблюдению.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Сьерра-Леоне пережила беспрецедентную вспышку вируса Эбола во всех своих округах. Округ Коинадугу был последним, кто сообщил о случае ЭВД. Был осуществлен ряд стратегий реагирования на вспышки. В качестве части извлеченных уроков мы провели исследование по наблюдению, с тем чтобы описать цепочку передачи в районе и воздействие мер по борьбе с вспышкой.МЕТОДЫ: Мы реконструировали цепочку передачи, зафиксировав как подтвержденные, так и вероятные случаи, описали распределение подтвержденных случаев в контексте маршрутов передачи (община, погребение или создание медицинских учреждений)

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
INTRODUCTION: Sierra Leone experienced an unprecedented Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in all its districts. Koinadugu District was the … community-based surveillance for early case detection, swift isolation of suspect cases, efficient contact tracing and monitoring, and good infection prevention and control measures in health facilities were highly effective in limiting transmission and, eventually, breaking the transmission chain. CCCs were also instrumental in achieving early isolation and bas …

Do small-aperture presbyopic corrections influence the visual field?

PURPOSE: To explore the effect of small-aperture optics, designed to aid presbyopes by increasing ocular depth-of-focus, on measurements of the visual field. METHODS: Simple theoretical and ray-tracing models were used to predict the impact of different designs of small-aperture contact lenses or corneal inlays on the proportion of light passing through natural pupils of various diameters as a function of the direction in the visual field. The left eyes of five healthy volunteers were tested using three afocal, hand-painted opaque soft contact lenses (www.davidthomas.com). Two were opaque ove

[Policy program to minimize spread of infection. Prolonged cough may be a sign of tuberculosis].

In a worldwide epidemiological perspective, Sweden is well favoured with an annual tuberculosis incidence of approximately six cases per 100 … is to preserve our favourable epidemiological situation by early detection of new cases, effective contact tracing, and BCG vaccination of children in population groups at risk. The primary means of achieving this is the education of health care personnel to retain tuberculosis as a differential diagnosis. Moreover, national guidelines for contact tracing must b …