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Deformation of the lamina cribrosa and anterior scleral canal wall in early experimental glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that pathophysiologic deformation of the lamina cribrosa and anterior scleral canal wall underlies the onset of confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT)-detected optic nerve head (ONH) surface change in early experimental glaucoma. METHODS: Both eyes of four normal (two normal eyes) monkeys and four with early glaucoma (one eye with laser-induced IOP elevation, observed until the onset of CSLT-detected ONH surface change) were enucleated immediately after death and immersion fixed at IOP 0 mm Hg. In an additional four normal monkeys and five with early glaucom

How "Micro" Is Microperimetry? Characterizing the Effect of Fundus Tracking on the Psychometric Function.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify whether fundus tracking in microperimetry improves psychometric parameter estimation (as an in vivo demonstration of improved stimulus-delivery precision), and to derive a psychometrically grounded criterion intensity for suprathreshold (defect-mapping) microperimetry. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy volunteers underwent Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA)2 microperimetry at five loci referenced to Bruch's membrane opening (BMO): three outside and two inside the blind spot. At each location, frequency-of-seeing (FoS) functions were measured with

Optic Nerve Vasculature and Countermeasure Assessment in a Bedrest Analogue of Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate cephalad fluid shift countermeasures (CMs) as well as optic nerve structure and vasculature in a strict and chronic head-down tilt bedrest (HDTBR) model of Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). DESIGN: A prospective randomized interventional study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven subjects. METHODS: An HDTBR study was performed with 4 groups. One group underwent 30 days of strict HDTBR. The remaining groups did the same with one of three fluid shift CMs: lower body negative pressure, exercise with veno-constrictive thigh cuffs (EX + CUFF), or intermittent uprigh

Periodontitis and Outer Retinal Thickness: a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the United Kingdom Biobank Cohort.

PURPOSE: Periodontitis, a ubiquitous severe gum disease affecting the teeth and surrounding alveolar bone, can heighten systemic inflammation. We investigated the association between very severe periodontitis and early biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in individuals with no eye disease. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the prospective community-based cohort United Kingdom (UK) Biobank. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-seven thousand three hundred eleven UK residents aged 40 to 70 years recruited between 2006 and 2010 underwent retinal imaging. METHODS: Macular-centered OCT images

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Optical Texture Analysis: Detecting Axonal Fiber Bundle Defects in Patients with Ocular Hypertension.

PURPOSE: To apply retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) optical texture analysis (ROTA) to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and risk factors of RNFL defects in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) who showed normal optic disc and RNFL configuration in clinical examination, normal RNFL thickness on OCT analysis, and normal visual field (VF) results. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred eyes of 306 patients with OHT. METHODS: All participants underwent clinical examination of the optic disc and RNFL, OCT RNFL imaging, and 24-2 standard automated perimetry. To detect RNF

Retinal Microcirculation as a Correlate of a Systemic Capillary Impairment After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affects the pulmonary systems via angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor, being an entry to systemic infection. As COVID-19 disease features ACE-2 deficiency, a link to microcirculation is proposed. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) enables non-invasive analysis of retinal microvasculature. Thus, an impaired systemic microcirculation might be mapped on retinal capillary system. As recent OCT-A studies, analyzing microcirculation in two subdivided layers, yiel

The relationship of atherosclerosis to the 10-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam studies.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationships of intima-media thickness (IMT), plaque in the carotid artery, angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke to the 10-year cumulative incidence of early and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and progression of AMD. DESIGN: Cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1700 persons aged 53 to 96 years who participated in both the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study and the Beaver Dam Eye Study in 1998-2000, with photographs gradable for AMD at 5-year (2003-2005) and 10-year (2008-2010) follow-up examinations. METHODS: The IMT and presence of plaqu

American Joint Committee on Cancer classification of posterior uveal melanoma (tumor size category) predicts prognosis in 7731 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features and prognosis of posterior uveal (ciliary body and choroid) melanoma based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification (7th edition) of primary tumor (T). DESIGN: Retrospective, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seven thousand seven hundred thirty-one patients. INTERVENTION: Ocular management including plaque radiotherapy, enucleation, local resection, or laser therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Melanoma-related metastasis and death. RESULTS: Of 7731 patients with posterior uveal melanoma, the AJCC classification based on

Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard.

The pathogenesis of age-related maculopathy (ARM), the most common cause of visual loss after the age of 60 years, is indeed a complicated scenario that involves a variety of hereditary and environmental factors. The pathological cellular and molecular events underlying retinal photochemical light damage, including photoreceptor apoptosis, have been analysed in experimental animal models. Studies of age-related alterations of the retina and photoreceptors, the accumulation of lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and the formation of drusen have greatly contributed to our knowl

Loss of the deubiquitylase BAP1 alters class I histone deacetylase expression and sensitivity of mesothelioma cells to HDAC inhibitors.

Enucleation is the process of retrieving the ocular globe from a cadaveric donor leaving the rest of the globe undisturbed. Excision refers to the retrieval of ocular tissues, especially cornea, by cutting it separate from the ocular globe. Evisceration is the process of removing the internal organs referred here as retina. The ocular globe consists of the cornea, the sclera, the vitreous body, the lens, the iris, the retina, the choroid, muscles etc (Suppl. Figure 1). When a patient is suffering from corneal damage, the cornea needs to be removed and a healthy one must be transplanted by kera

Fundus morphological characteristics assesment in high myopia patients with or without posterior scleral staphyloma by optical coherence tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological characteristics of posterior scleral staphyloma (PSS) with or without macular retinoschisis (MRS) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Additionally, the incidence and severity of other pathologic myopic maculopathy associated with posterior scleral staphyloma was also evaluated. METHODS: General information and OCT imaging data from 440 patients with posterior scleral staphyloma (PSS) and the PSS curvature > 20×10-3 μm-1 were collected. These patients visited the Department of Ophthalmology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical Univers

LONG-TERM COURSE AND VISUAL OUTCOMES OF PRECHOROIDAL CLEFT IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AND POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the regression of prechoroidal cleft, its influence on visual outcomes, and differences in visual outcomes between neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. METHODS: This retrospective study included 61 patients exhibiting prechoroidal cleft who were treated with antivascular endothelial growth factors. The patients were divided into two groups according to the following categories: 1) regression of prechoroidal cleft: regression group versus nonregression group and 2) type of neovascularization: neovascular age-related macular de

Wnt5a/β-catenin-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition: a key driver of subretinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), accounts for up to 90% of AMD-associated vision loss, ultimately resulting in the formation of fibrotic scar in the macular region. The pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD involves the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurring in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Here, we aim to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in the Wnt signaling during the EMT of RPE cells and in the pathological process of subretinal fibrosis secondary to nAMD. METHODS: In vivo, the induction of subretinal fibrosis wa

Retinal curvature as a regional morphologic phenotype of the posterior pole in high myopia: A two-center OCTA study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate retinal curvature across macular regions in eyes with high myopia and to examine its relationship with retinal thickness and optical coherence tomography angiography-derived retinal flow-density metrics within a unified spatial framework. METHODS: In this dual-center observational study, participants underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography imaging using a 24 × 20 mm macular scan. Retinal curvature (RC) was derived from Bruch's membrane-based surface reconstruction and analyzed across six concentric macular rings. Corresponding regional measurements

Clinical Factors Associated with Lamina Cribrosa Thickness in Patients with Glaucoma, as Measured with Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of various risk factors on thinning of the lamina cribrosa (LC), as measured with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT; Topcon). METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 150 eyes of 150 patients: 22 normal subjects, 28 preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) patients, and 100 open-angle glaucoma patients. Average LC thickness was determined in a 3 x 3 mm cube scan of the optic disc, over which a 4 x 4 grid of 16 points was superimposed (interpoint distance: 175 μm), centered on the circular Bruch's membrane opening. The borders of the LC were defined

[Macular diseases--application of automated static perimetry and optical coherence tomography].

The usefulness of automated static perimetry and optical coherence tomography in the management of macular diseases has been described. Scotomata in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy could be evaluated with central 10-degree automated static perimetry. The degree of visual field defects in eyes with the disease varied greatly with mean deviation of -10 dB or less in as many as 10% of the subjects. Although retinitis pigmentosa is a diffuse retinal dystrophy, eyes with a moderately advanced stage of retinitis pigmentosa should be managed as a macular disease, because the functioning re

Optic disc morphology and myopia severity in eyes with peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures.

PURPOSE: To compare optic disc morphology, visual field parameters, and OCT measurements between myopic eyes with and without peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS), and to identify factors associated with PHOMS. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included 35 myopic patients (60 eyes) with PHOMS and 23 myopic patients (46 eyes) without PHOMS. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations including refraction, visual field testing, fundus photography, and enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT). PHOMS height, peripapillary RNFL thickness, a

Photoreceptor Layer Thinning Is an Early Biomarker for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiologic and Genetic Evidence from UK Biobank OCT Data.

PURPOSE: Despite widespread use of OCT, an early-stage imaging biomarker for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has not been identified. Pathophysiologically, the timing of drusen accumulation in relationship to photoreceptor degeneration in AMD remains unclear, as are the inherited genetic variants contributing to these processes. Herein, we jointly analyzed OCT, electronic health record data, and genomic data to characterize the time sequence of changes in retinal layer thicknesses in AMD, as well as epidemiologic and genetic associations between retinal layer thicknesses and AMD. DESIG

Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Therapeutic Management and New-Upcoming Approaches.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) constitutes a prevalent, chronic, and progressive retinal degenerative disease of the macula that affects elderly people and cause central vision impairment. Despite therapeutic advances in the management of neovascular AMD, none of the currently used treatments cures the disease or reverses its course. Medical treatment of neovascular AMD experienced a significant advance due to the introduction of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF), which dramatically changed the prognosis of the disease. However, although anti-VEGF therapy has be

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… As a consequence of progressive RPE dysfunction, the permeability of the Bruch membrane is impaired, and therefore substances that would usually be removed by the choriocapillaris accumulate between RPE and Bruch membrane [ 49 , 50 ], resulting in the emergence of drusen [ 51 , 52 ]. … Age-related variation in the hydraulicconductivity of Bruch’s membrane. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1995;36:1290–1297. 50. Starita C., Hussain A.A., Pagliarini S., Marshall J. Hydrodynamics of Ageing Bruch’s Membrane: Implications for Macular Disease. Exp. …

Deep Learning for Glaucoma Detection and Identification of Novel Diagnostic Areas in Diverse Real-World Datasets.

PURPOSE: To develop a three-dimensional (3D) deep learning algorithm to detect glaucoma using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) optic nerve head (ONH) cube scans and validate its performance on ethnically diverse real-world datasets and on cropped ONH scans. METHODS: In total, 2461 Cirrus SD-OCT ONH scans of 1012 eyes were obtained from the Glaucoma Clinic Imaging Database at the Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, from March 2010 to December 2017. A 3D deep neural network was trained and tested on this unique raw OCT cube dataset to identify a multimodal definition