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A neurochemical theory of appetite and weight changes in depressive states.

The literature concerning appetite and weight changes in depressive illness is reviewed. Diminished appetite and weight loss have for about 100 years been regarded as prominent symptoms of depressive illness. A tendency for some depressives to gain weight has also been recognized. About 85% of depressives lose weight and 15% gain weight. There appears to be a tendency for weight gain to be commoner in milder depressions. Carbohydrate craving is also described in association with some depressed states. The neurochemical control of appetite in health is surveyed. Norepinephrine appears to be nec

Effect of mineral mixture in diet on protein intake regulation in the weanling rat.

Weanling rats fed a choice of two diets varying only in protein concentration (10 and 60% casein) select a lower proportion of dietary energy as protein when the dietary minerals are supplied by a mineral mixture high in Na, K, and Cl but low in P and Cu (Hi Cl) than when the diets contain the Bernhart-Tomarelli (BT) mineral mixture. The addition of Na and/or K as acetate salts to the BT mineral mixture, to levels in the Hi Cl mixture, had no effect on regulation of protein intake. However, the addition of Na and/or K as chloride salts to the BT mineral mixture resulted in the rats selecting a

Milk drinking by the elderly of three races.

The three objectives of this study were to determine: (a) If milk was acceptable for multi-racial groups of elderly people, some of whom had previously been described as lactose intolerant, (b) the frequency of milk rejection attributed to symptoms of lactose intolerance, and (c) the importance of offering different types of milk. The study was carried out on 347 elderly citizens participating in the Title VII Nutrition Program for the Elderly in Harris County, Texas. Eighty-five per cent of the Mexican-Americans, 93.5 per cent of the blacks, and 94 per cent of the Anglos surveyed reported dri

Consumers' Concerns Regarding Dining Out and Food Hygiene During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Web-Based Questionnaire Survey.

Background During a global infectious disease pandemic, governments impose varying levels of restrictions on daily life, including social activities, travel, and dining out. Understanding how these restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected people's lifestyles and behaviors, especially regarding food and eating out, is essential for preparing effective countermeasures in future pandemics. The infection was believed to spread through droplets, with the first cluster reported on a pleasure boat. To prevent transmission, the government advised avoiding the "thre

Brain activation and affective judgements in response to personal dietary images: An fMRI preliminary study.

Emerging evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain activation studies associated with dietary behavior reveals significant interaction of biological and behavioral mechanisms in response to visualized food stimuli. Because food intake is influenced by neurosensory stimulation and memory cues, personalized food images may be useful in prompting appropriate affective responses to food intake, which may subsequently lead to healthier eating behaviors. The current study used a cross-sectional mixed methods approach to explore neural responses and self-perceptions of eating b

Are the Dutch acquainted with and willing to try healthful food products? The role of food neophobia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess participants' acquaintance with and willingness to try healthful food alternatives, and to test the psychometric properties of an adapted Dutch version of the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) in order to study the role of food neophobia in this context. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study incorporating two web-based questionnaires, including a retest of the FNS one week later. Measures included acquaintance with and willingness to try 15 healthful food alternatives, level of food neophobia, level of education, gender and age. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to study

The use of some plant-derived products as effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in organic poultry production: a review.

Improving poultry production, increasing poultry immunity, and reducing the disease spreading can be achieved by adding various potentially valuable ingredients to the feed or drinking water of poultry flocks. Because of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal nutrition were prohibited. Additionally, consumer preferences tend towards purchasing products from livestock raised without antibiotics. Therefore, there is a critical need to find effective growth promoter alternatives and treatment methods for common poultry diseases. Some spice plants pl

Nutritional challenges and opportunities during the weaning period and in young childhood.

The early years of life are a period of very rapid growth and development. In this critical phase, food preferences are formed which carry over into childhood and beyond and foundations are laid for a healthy adult life. Excess energy, imbalances in macronutrient quality, and nutritional deficiencies may form inappropriate nutritional signals, leading to metabolic disturbances and affecting the obesity risk. For instance, the intake of protein and sugar-sweetened beverages in young children has been associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity. In reality, scientific reports hav…

Preference history prevents schedule-induced preferential ethanol acceptance.

Two groups of rats were given differential schedule-induced polydipsia histories. One had a history of choosing between 5% ethanol and 0.7% glucose solution (dilute, mildly acceptable), in daily, 3-hr, fixed-time 1-min schedules of food-pellet delivery, while the other similarly treated group chose between 5% ethanol and 5% glucose (highly acceptable). A 30-day period, wherein only 5% ethanol was available during daily sessions, intervened before session-fluid preferences were evaluated by pitting a series of glucose solutions of increasing concentration (0.7-5.0%) against 5% ethanol. The grou

[Diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for two popular but quite distinct adverse reactions to food - fructose malabsorption and histamine intolerance].

Claiming to suffer from adverse food reactions is popular. In contrast to the classical food allergy, there are some pathomechanisms which are evidently dose-dependent. Thus the procedure in diagnosis and therapy must undoubtedly differ from the practice when food allergy is suspected or proven. Nevertheless many patients suffering from dose-dependent adverse reactions to food are given strict elimination diets, which is neither necessary nor helpful and decreases their quality of life broadly. This holds especially true for fructose malabsorption and histamine intolerance. For the latter, the

Larval taste exposure creates compound-specific behavioral modifications in adult Drosophila melanogaster.

An animal's ability to taste is critical for nutrient selection and rejection of potentially toxic substances. Factors such as age, diet, environment, and internal state can also influence food-related behavioral outcomes. One such factor-exposure to taste cues during early development-remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluate how larval taste input affects adult feeding preference in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that larval dietary exposure to papaverine, a bitter alkaloid, attenuates feeding avoidance of papaverine in adult flies. This behavioral modification appears compound specific

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Randomized Survey Modality to Assess Impact of Survey Modality on Demographic, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Measures among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya.

ObjectivesWe assessed whether survey mode influenced reporting of sexual behaviors and psychosocial factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Kenya.MethodsIn cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 493 MSM in Kisumu and Nairobi enrolled in a prospective cohort study, participants were randomized 1:1 to Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) or Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI). We compared responses across survey modes using Poisson regression with robust variance, adjusting for socio-demographics.ResultsIn both sites, CAPI users more frequently reported sex wit

Introduction to the special issue: How nonclinical psychology research can inform clinical perspectives on disgust.

Disgust is a universal emotion that significantly impacts human behavior and psychological well-being. While clinical psychology researchers … s issue cover various nonclinical topics, including inhibitory learning, autobiographical memories, food preferences, and the perception of self and others. This issue also covers the role of disgust in specific clinical disorders, including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, neurodegenerative disorde …

[Thiamine deficiency among Chinese workers in Israel].

The death of a 23-year-old Chinese construction worker in southern Israel from refractory metabolic acidosis after presenting symptoms of edema and loss of sensation in his legs raised the suspicion of Beriberi disease. As thiamine deficiency was suspected, two other Chinese workers from the same construction site, who also complained of pain and swelling in their legs were tested and found to have a significant deficiency. In addition 56.5% of 46 Chinese workers at the site were found to have a thiamine deficiency without any significant clinical symptoms. A nutritional evaluation demonstrate

Chemosensory Changes from Cancer Treatment and Their Effects on Patients' Food Behavior: A Scoping Review.

Individuals undergoing treatment for cancer can experience changes in taste or smell that are often assumed to affect constructs related to food behavior, although this relationship is rarely measured directly. To ascertain the extent to which measured changes in taste and smell during and after cancer treatment affect food behavior, we conducted a scoping review and completed a comparative analysis for studies that met our criteria, which were: they directly measured cancer patients' (a) psychophysical response to taste and/or olfactory stimuli, and (b) food behavior (including food enjoyment

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… Four studies measured food preferences using responses to food pictures with different macronutrient content. 3.3. … Evaluation of food preferences in the four studies used pictures of foods that were representative of portion sizes and different macronutrients [ 17 , 18 , 27 , 28 ], developed as a measure of food preference based on taste and macronutrient categories [ 48 ]. …

Dog Waste Creates a Preference-Performance Mismatch for Urban Dung Beetles.

Urban environments expose animals to novel conditions that may favor behavioral flexibility but can create preference-performance mismatches when attractive resources are associated with reduced reproductive success. Dung beetles are often considered dietary generalists, yet little is known about how they respond to altered food availability in human-dominated habitats. We combined field surveys and laboratory experiments using two domestic dung types to examine diet preference, maternal provisioning, and offspring performance in the urban dung beetle Onthophagus orpheus. Beetles strongly pref

Oral feedings in the cancer patient.

The importance of maintaining the cancer patient's nutritional status is now recognized as a major part of the medical care. It is necessary for the oncology team to be aware of the psychological and physiological factors that interfere with food acceptance so that the correct food can be offered at the right time in the most palatable form. The oral route is the preferred method of feeding, and nutritional supplements, chosen according to the individual patient's needs, are of great value in assuring an adequate oral intake. Diagnostic tests and therapy are frequent causes of disruption of th

Exposure to activity-based anorexia impairs contextual learning in weight-restored rats without affecting spatial learning, taste, anxiety, or dietary-fat preference.

UNLABELLED: Relapse rates are high amongst cases of anorexia nervosa (AN) suggesting that some alterations induced by AN may remain after weight restoration. OBJECTIVE: To study the consequences of AN without confounds of environmental variability, a rodent model of activity-based anorexia (ABA) can be employed. We hypothesized that exposure to ABA during adolescence may have long-term consequences in taste function, cognition, and anxiety-like behavior after weight restoration. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we exposed adolescent female rats to ABA (1.5 h food access, combined with volun

Handedness leads to interhemispheric EEG asymmetry during sleep in the rat.

Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity is increased after wakefulness and decreases during sleep. Regional sleep EEG differences are thought to be a consequence of activation of specific cortical neuronal circuits during waking. We investigated the relationship between handedness and interhemispheric brain asymmetry. Bilateral EEG recordings were obtained from the frontal and occipital cortex in rats with a clear paw preference in a food-reaching task (right, n = 5; left, n = 5). While still naïve to the task, no waking or sleep EEG asymmetry was present. During the food-reachi

Central action of an inhibitor of brain dopa-decarboxylase, NSD-1015, on cyanamide-induced alcohol drinking in rats.

A cannula for repeated intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion was implanted stereotaxically in 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequently, an alcohol preference test was given to each animal to establish its preferred concentration in the presence of water. After the alcohol solution was removed, 15 mg/kg cyanamide was injected subcutaneously for 4 days to maximize volitional intake of the single preferred solution of alcohol, which ranged from 7-15% in these animals. The L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD-1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine dihydrochloride) was then given ICV twice