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Illicit financial flows and the provision of child and maternal health services in low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Illicit financial flows (IFFs) drain domestic resources with harmful social effects, especially in countries which are too poor to mobilise the revenues required to finance the provision of essential public goods and services. In this context, this article empirically examined the association between IFFs and the provision of essential health services in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: Firstly, a set of indicators was selected to represent the overall coverage of essential health services at the country level. Next, a linear multivariate regression model was specified a

A cross-sectional study of immune seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 in frontline maternity health professionals.

COVID-19, the respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, is thought to cause a milder illness in pregnancy with a greater proportion of asymptomatic carriers. This has important implications for the risk of patient-to-staff, staff-to-staff and staff-to-patient transmission among health professionals in maternity units. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of previously undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection in health professionals from two tertiary-level maternity units in London, UK, and to determine associations between healthcare workers' characteristics, reported symptoms and s

Improving the Metrics and Data Reporting for Maternal Mortality: A Challenge to Public Health Surveillance and Effective Prevention.

The current measuring metric and reporting methods for assessing maternal mortality are seriously flawed. Evidence-based prevention strategies require consistently reported surveillance data and validated measurement metrics. Main Body: The denominator of live births used in the maternal mortality ratio reinforces the mistaken notion that all maternal deaths are consequent to a live birth and, at the same time, inappropriately inflates the value of the ratio for subpopulations of women with the highest percentage of pregnancies ending in outcomes other than a live birth. Inadequate methods for

An evaluation by the Norwegian Health Care Supervision Authorities of events involving death or injuries in maternity care.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine how serious adverse events in obstetrics were assessed by supervision authorities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected cases investigated by supervision authorities during 2009-2013. We analyzed information about who reported the event, the outcomes of the mother and infant, and whether events resulted from errors at the individual or system level. We also assessed whether the injuries could have been avoided. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 303 034 births in Norway, and supervision authorities investigated 338 adverse events in obstetric care.

Перспективы пациентов в отношении приемлемости услуг АРТ, туберкулеза и охраны здоровья матери в подрайоне Йоханнесбурга, Южная Африка.

СПРАВОЧНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: Появляется и растет согласованность в области приемлемости услуг здравоохранения. Однако существуют пробелы, включая относительно небольшую интеграцию элементов приемлемости. В рамках этого исследования была предпринята попытка провести коллективный анализ трех элементов приемлемости, а именно: организация, предоставляющая услуги пациентам, организация обслуживания пациентов и взаимодействие между пациентами и общинами. МЕТОДЫ: Для анализа вторичных данных, собранных в рамках исследования по вопросам равенства в доступе к медицинскому обслуживанию (REACH), использовались

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: The field of acceptability of health services is emerging and growing in coherence. But there are gaps, including relatively lit … ealth Care (REACH) study of access to tuberculosis (TB) treatment, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and maternal health (MH) services in South Africa's public health sector. RESULTS: Provider acceptability was consistently high across all the three tracer services at 97.6% (ART), 96.6% (TB) and 96.4% (MH). Service acceptability was high only for TB tracer (70.1%). C …

Associations of Maternal Testosterone and Cortisol Levels With Health Outcomes of Mothers and Their Very-Low-Birthweight Infants.

OBJECTIVE: Although the roles of testosterone and cortisol in various health problems have been extensively investigated, little is known ab … y associated with infant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: High maternal cortisol levels were associated with maternal health problems during pregnancy. Beneficial effects of PPROM and high maternal cortisol levels on infant health outcomes were important findings, and understanding the mechanisms of these relationships may be of practical value for clinicians and research …

Impact of HIV-1 infection on the feto-maternal crosstalk and consequences for pregnancy outcome and infant health.

Adaptation of the maternal immune system to establish maternal/fetal equilibrium is required for a successful pregnancy. Viral infections, including HIV-1 infection, can alter this maternal/fetal equilibrium, with significant consequences for pregnancy outcome, including miscarriages, impaired fetal growth, and premature delivery. Furthermore, maternal HIV-1 infection has been shown to have a long-term impact on the developing fetal immune system also when the infant is not infected with the virus. In this review, we discuss the consequences of maternal HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral thera

Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and placental abruption are thought to have a common origin related to abnormalities in the development and function of the placenta. OBJECTIVES: To compare, using the best available evidence, the benefits and harms of antenatal antithrombotic therapy to improve maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction, when compared with other treatments, placebo or no treatment. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trial

What about the mothers? An analysis of maternal mortality and morbidity in perinatal health surveillance systems in Europe.

OBJECTIVE: To assess capacity to develop routine monitoring of maternal health in the European Union using indicators of maternal mortality and severe morbidity. DESIGN: Analysis of aggregate data from routine statistical systems compiled by the EURO-PERISTAT project and comparison with data from national enquiries. SETTING: Twenty-five countries in the European Union and Norway. POPULATION: Women giving birth in participating countries in 2003 and 2004. METHODS: Application of a common collection of data by selecting specific International Classification of Disease codes from the 'Pregnan…

Depression and thoughts of death among disadvantaged mothers: risk factors and impact on maternal and child health.

Our hypothesess were that modifiable societal risk factors would contribute to depression and thoughts of death (DTD) and that DTD would affect maternal and infant well-being. Retrospective database analysis with bivariate and multivariate statistics utilizing 3 years of data from the prospective Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Eight hundred and eighty mothers (18%) were clinically depressed; of these, 286 (33%) reported thoughts of death. DTD were significantly associated with family violence and alcohol use; a combination of DTD with family violence or maternal alcohol use marked

Vouchers as demand side financing instruments for health care: a review of the Bangladesh maternal voucher scheme.

OBJECTIVES: Demand side financing (DSF) mechanisms transfer purchasing power to specified groups for defined goods and services in order to increase access to specified services. This is an important innovation in health care systems where access remains poor despite substantial subsidies towards the supply side. In Bangladesh, a maternal health DSF pilot in 33 sub-districts was launched in 2007. We report the results of a rapid review of this scheme undertaken during 2008 after 1 year of its setup. METHODS: Quantitative data collected by DSF committees, facilities and national information sy…

The role of linked birth and infant death certificates in maternal and child health epidemiology in the United States.

Linked birth and infant death certificates allow measurement of birthweight-specific infant mortality. Jack Smith, MS, to whom this issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine is dedicated, played a key role in the National Infant Mortality Surveillance (NIMS) project. NIMS provided national data on birthweight-specific infant mortality for the 1980 birth cohort, updated data previously collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for the 1960 birth cohort, and supported NCHS's implementation of an annual linked file in 1983. NIMS illustrated themes in infant mortalit

Racial differences in the patterns of singleton preterm delivery in the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the association between race and preterm delivery would persist when preterm delivery was partitioned into two etiologic pathways. METHODS: We evaluated perinatal and obstetrical data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey and classified preterm delivery as spontaneous or medically indicated. Discrete proportional hazard models were fit to assess the risk of preterm delivery for Black women compared with White women adjusting for potential demographic and behavioral confounding variables. RESULTS: Preterm delivery occurred among 17.4% of Black bi

Impact of health centre availability on utilisation of maternity care and pregnancy outcome in a rural area of Haryana.

Six hundred married women of 15-45 years age group were interviewed in 4 villages of the district Ambala in Haryana. Impact of health centre (HC) availability on the knowledge, opinion and practices related to maternity care and pregnancy outcome was assessed after adjusting the effect of socio-economic status. Except 17 women (2.8%), everyone knew at least one correct purpose of antenatal care (ANC) and 98.2% women had contacted health staff for ANC. However, knowledge of the respondents about the components of ANC was found to be poor in study villages. Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) co

Early detection and treatment of mental and physical disabilities: from the standpoints of maternal and child health care.

Japanese maternal and child health policies and measures have implemental health examinations, health guidances, health educations and medical aids program and so on which aim at the following items: 1) Protection and promotion of pregnant women's and infants' health, i.e. the reduction of mortalities; 2) Prevention of the occurrence of mental and physical disabilities; and 3) Sound development of children. In this paper, our administrative structure, the mass screening program for congenital metabolic abnormalities followed by the medical aids program were mentioned. These activities have bee

Effective coverage of maternal, neonatal and child health services based on District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) data in Ethiopia: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the feasibility of using the routine health information system data source, District Health Informati … d 2 administrative cities in Ethiopia. RESULTS: There was better availability of data elements for maternal healthcare than for child healthcare. It was possible to estimate the intervention-adjusted coverage of ANC4+ (16% nationally) and the process-quality-adjusted coverage of skilled birth attendance (19% nationally). Postnatal care, sick child care and child …

Impact of placental Plasmodium falciparum malaria on pregnancy and perinatal outcome in sub-Saharan Africa: part III: placental malaria, maternal health, and public health.

Plasmodium falciparum infections of the placenta remain a major medical challenge among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. A number of fa … alaria prevention strategies in Safe Motherhood Programs [5,6]. The effects of placental malaria on maternal health can better be understood when considered in relation with various maternal parameters, including maternal age, parity, peripheral malaria infection, anemia, and HIV infection.

Effect of maternal vitamin D3 supplementation on maternal health, birth outcomes, and infant growth among HIV-infected Tanzanian pregnant women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D has significant immunomodulatory effects on both adaptive and innate immune responses. Observational studies indicate that adults infected with HIV with low vitamin D status may be at increased risk of mortality, pulmonary tuberculosis, and HIV disease progression. Growing observational evidence also suggests that low vitamin D status in pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse birth and infant health outcomes. As a result, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adjunct vitamin D3 supplementation may improve the health of HIV-infected pregnant women and their children. METHODS/D