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The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe.

In Europe, secondary particulate matter (PM) comprises 50% or more of PM 2.5. To reduce PM concentrations requires lowering precursor emissions. Since the 1980s, SO(2) emissions have decreased by more than 60%, while particle concentrations have decreased less. NO(x) and NH(3) emissions have decreased slightly. The role of ammonia in particle formation is addressed here. It is shown that secondary PM concentrations can only be effectively reduced if ammonia emissions are decreased in much the same way as those of SO(2) and NO(x).

Lymphogranuloma venereum - a rare cause of genital ulcers in central Europe.

Lymphogranuloma inguinale, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L1-L3 is rare in patients from western countries but needs yet to be considered in the differential diagnosis of genital ulcers. We report a case of a young male patient without any eventful travel history who presented with a genital ulcer at the sulcus coronarius and painfully enlarged lymph nodes in the right inguinal area. The typical clinical picture and serum IgM and IgG antibody titers of 1:16 and 1:512, respectively, against C. trachomatis were suggestive of infection with C. trachomatis serovar L1-L3. The diagnosis was

The newest epidemic: a review of HIV/AIDS in Central and Eastern Europe.

HIV/AIDS has emerged as a grave public health threat in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Central Asian republics over the past five years. Massive political, social, cultural, and behavioural changes - along with economic upheaval and collapse of the public health infrastructure in many countries - have created circumstances conducive to the rapid spread of HIV. This paper reviews HIV and sexually transmitted disease (STD) data for all countries in the region, as well as behavioural, social, cultural, and other HIV epidemic enabling factors. The epidemiological picture of HIV in the regio…

Echinococcus multilocularis: an emerging pathogen in Hungary and Central Eastern Europe?

Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, is reported for the first time in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Hungary. This parasite may be spreading eastward because the population of foxes has increased as a consequence of human interventions, and this spread may result in the emergence of alveolar echinococcosis in Central Eastern Europe.

Presumed consent and other predictors of cadaveric organ donation in Europe.

CONTEXT: Few studies on presumed consent and environmental predictors of cadaveric organ donation in Europe have been published. OBJECTIVE: To determine if a presumed consent policy and other variables can be used to predict the cadaveric organ donation rate per million population. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of published data. SETTING: Europe. PARTICIPANTS: The unit of analysis for this study is the individual country. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Cadaveric organ donation rate per million population. RESULTS: Original and transformed data were subjected to ordinary least-squares regression. All…

Anthrax in Europe: its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and role in bioterrorism.

In the 2001 bioterrorist attack in the United States, in which at least 22 cases of anthrax occurred, there was initial uncertainty as to whether the index case was acquired from natural sources, and many of the additional cases posed diagnostic challenges to clinicians unfamiliar with the disease. The existence in Europe of terrorist groups with demonstrated violent tendencies suggests Europe is not immune to bioterrorist attack, and the same epidemiological and clinical confusion could happen here. Bacillus anthracis is distributed widely in the soils of Europe and foci of animal disease occ…

Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and waste waters in Europe.

Cryptosporidia are important protozoan parasites of vertebrates, and a number of species and genotypes, with different host ranges, have been described. In this study a protocol was established for the detection and the genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from various types of surface waters (rivers, creeks, lakes, sewage plant in- and outlets and swimming pools) from the area between Zurich (Switzerland) and Munich (Germany). Cryptosporidium oocysts were isolated by continuous-flow-centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation (IMS). A novel nested PCR combined with direc

Geoepidemiology of systemic vasculitis: comparison of the incidence in two regions of Europe.

OBJECTIVE: The aetiopathogenesis of the primary systemic vasculitides (PSV) is unknown but includes both environmental and genetic factors. The development of classification criteria/definitions for PSV allows comparison of the epidemiology between different regions. METHODS: The same methods and the American College of Rheumatology (1990) criteria or Chapel Hill definitions were used to compare the epidemiology of Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, and polyarteritis nodosa in Norwich (east England population 413 500) and Lugo (northwest Spain populati

Time trends of cutaneous melanoma in Queensland, Australia and Central Europe.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe recent developments in cutaneous melanoma from the German speaking countries in Europe (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland) and from Queensland, Australia. METHODS: All incident invasive cutaneous melanoma cases recorded between 1986 and 1996 by the Queensland Melanoma Register and by the Central Malignant Melanoma Registry of the German Dermatological Society were included in the analysis. Weighted linear trend analyses were performed to assess significant changes over the years using yearly sample sizes as weights. RESULTS: In Central …

Projections of alcohol- and tobacco-related cancer mortality in Central Europe.

Central European mortality rates for cancer sites related to tobacco and alcohol have increased rapidly in recent decades. From a public health point of view, it is of considerable interest to know whether these past increases in cancer mortality will continue into the future. Cancer mortality rates for the period 1965-1994 in Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia (analysed together), Hungary, Poland, and Romania were analysed for cancers of the larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas. Using a Bayesian age-period-cohort approach, we have calculated smoothed o…

Epidemiology of quinolone resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca in Europe.

The epidemiology of quinolone resistance and the concomitant resistance to other antibiotic classes was investigated in 445 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 238 Klebsiella oxytoca isolates. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was found in 7.2% and 3.4% of these two species, respectively. Ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly linked to ceftazidime resistance, the hallmark of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production, as well as to resistance to all antibiotic classes tested. Using automated ribotyping, seven intrahospital- and interhospital-transmitted clones of ciprofloxacin-resistant is

Cervical cancer mortality in young women in Europe: patterns and trends.

On the basis of overall national death certification data, it is not possible to analyse mortality from cervical cancer in Europe, since 20-65% of deaths from uterine cancer in largest countries are still certified as uterus, unspecified. We analysed, therefore, age-standardised death certification rates from uterine cancer between 1960 and 1998 in women aged 20-44 years, since most deaths from uterine cancer below the age of 45 years arise from the cervix. In all Western European countries, except Ireland, substantial declines in cervical cancer mortality in younger women were observed, altho…

[The risk of transmission of salmonellae in poultry farming: detection and prevention in Europe].

While salmonellas can cause disease problems among poultry, they remain essentially a concern for public health, as a cause of outbreaks of … nella infection can be diagnosed by isolating the bacteria and/or serological testing of the flock. European Union Directive 92/117/EC, modified by Directive 97/22/EC, stipulates either the destruction of infected flocks of breeding birds, or decontamination of the flock in an effective way, before normal trade in products can be resumed. Noteworthy exam …

The use of rifabutin in Europe for the treatment of mycobacterial infection in AIDS patients.

The MICs of rifabutin on Mycobacterium avium are compatible with its efficacy in clinical infections. Two North American trials established the prophylactic effect of rifabutin in disseminated M. avium disease in AIDS patients. Several prospective non-randomized trials show the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of rifabutin. A large European study conducted from 1990 to 1993 randomized 382 patients, selected on a clinical basis, to receive a combination of ethambutol + clofazimine + isoniazid + placebo or rifabutin for 12 weeks. Of these, 200 were eligible, i.e. had a positive blood cultur…

[Pathogenic organisms in milk and milk products: the situation in France and in Europe].

Milk and dairy products harbour a natural microbial flora and/or other micro-organisms, which vary within the wide range of products availab … and dairy products, as specified by regulations currently being developed for all countries in the European Union. Preventive measures should take into account the well-established facts concerning the potential microbiological impact of pathogenic bacteria on milk and dairy products. There should be increased recourse to risk analysis methods to assess …

Home parenteral nutrition in adults: a multicentre survey in Europe in 1993.

A retrospective survey was performed in 1994, involving 496 adult home parenteral nutrition (HPN) cases, newly enrolled in the year 1993 from 13 European countries from 75 centres. From the 8 countries having registered more than 80% of cases (423 patients), incidence and prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 4.6 and 0.3 to 12.2 patients/10(6) population/year. In the patients studied, the diagnosis was cancer (42%), Crohn's disease (15%), vascular diseases (13%), radiation enteritis (8%), AIDS (4%) and other nonmalignant non-AIDS diseases (18%). Short bowel syndrome and intestinal obstruction were the…

Положение дел с искоренением полиомиелита - Европа и центральноазиатские республики, 1993 год.

В 1989 году Европейское региональное бюро Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) приняло резолюцию об искоренении полиомиелита в Европейском регионе к 2000 году. В настоящем докладе содержится краткая информация о прогрессе в достижении этой цели.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
In 1989, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe adopted a resolution to eradicate poliomyelitis from the European Region by the year 2000. This report summarizes progress toward the goal.

[Parasitism of Mustelidae by Skrjabingylus petrovi: first report in western Europe].

A study of the sinuses parasites was carried out on 206 skulls of small mustelidae: Mustela putorius (52), M. nivalis (17), M. erminea (13), Martes foina (102), and M. martes (11) from Eastern France. Besides Troglotrema acutum two Skrjabingylus species (S. nasicola and and S. petrovi) were observed and S. petrovi described for the first time in France.