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Silicon nanoparticles enhance maize yield and water productivity via regulating photosynthesis and canopy structure under mild regulated deficit irrigation.

INTRODUCTION: Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) effectively mitigate drought stress in crops, yet their physiological mechanisms in maize remain unclear. METHODS: This study conducted field experiments in the arid region of northwest China, setting up three maize genotypes (Zhengdan 958, Zhongdan 2, and MC670), two irrigation methods (full irrigation, FI, and regulated deficit irrigation, RDI), and two exogenous treatments (water as control, and SiNPs application). RESULTS: The RDI increased stomatal density (SD), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), and water productivity (WP), albeit with a

Оценка стабильности жажды в пальчиках (Eleusine coracana L.) с использованием многовариантных подходов.

Пальцы, как правило, выращиваются в полузасушливых тропиках, где они выращиваются главным образом фермерами-добытчиками. Однако урожайность зерна остается низкой из-за сложного количественного характера этой особенности и ее низкой наследственности. Таким образом, взаимодействие генотипа х с окружающей средой (ГЭИ) оказывает значительное влияние на производство. В этом исследовании изучается воздействие ГЭИ на качество генотипов пальца в различных средах, при этом особое внимание уделяется чувствительности урожая к изменчивости климата. Цель этого исследования заключалась в оценке воздействия

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… Nevertheless, the crop's productivity is now greatly impacted by the genotype × environment interaction (GEI), and more data regarding the GEI in the breeding system should be produced before recommending genotypes for wider production [ 5 ]. … A Yield Stability Index and Its Application for Crop Production 2019 University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty …

SmartCrop: knowledge base of molecular genetic mechanisms of rice and wheat adaptation to stress factors.

The study of molecular genetic mechanisms of plant responses to specific growth conditions and stress factors is a central focus of scientific research aimed at developing new valuable crop varieties, particularly rice and wheat. These factors include abiotic stresses (high or low temperatures, drought, salinity, soil metal contamination), biotic stresses (pathogens, pests), as well as plant responses to regulatory factors (fertilizers, hormones, elicitors, and other compounds). Modern research in plant genetics is based on the understanding that the formation of any phenotypic characteristics

Monitoring the Evolution of Resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the Cry1F Protein in Argentina.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important and widely cultivated crops in Argentina. Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a common maize pest capable of causing significant yield losses and is most destructive in late-planted maize in subtropical regions, going through five to six generations per growing season. The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) trait Herculex I Insect Protection technology by Dow AgroSciences and Pioneer Hi-Bred (HX I, event DAS-Ø15Ø7-1), expressing Cry1F protein, was launched in the 2005-2006 season in Argentina and was widely adopted because of th

Pseudomonas sp. AF-54 containing multiple plant beneficial traits acts as growth enhancer of Helianthus annuus L. under reduced fertilizer input.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are capable to increase the growth and yield of crops in eco-friendly and sustainable manner. To evaluate the response of sunflower towards inoculation with PGPR, a sunflower root associated bacterium AF-54 isolated from Diyar Gali Himalayan Mountain region, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), identified as Pseudomonas sp. by 16S rRNA sequence analysis and was characterized using polyphasic approach. The bacterium produced 23.9 μgmL-1 indole-3-acetic acid in tryptophan-supplemented medium, showed 44.28 nmoles mg-1 protein h-1 nitrogenase activity through a

Gel-free proteomics reveal potential biomarkers of priming-induced salt tolerance in durum wheat.

UNLABELLED: Seed priming has been successfully demonstrated to be an efficient method to improve crop productivity under stressful conditions. As a first step toward better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the priming-induced salt stress tolerance in durum wheat, and to overcome the limitations of the gel-based approach, a comparative gel-free proteomic analysis was conducted with durum wheat seed samples of varying vigor as generated by hydro- and ascorbate-priming treatments. Results indicate that hydro-priming was accompanied by significant changes of 72 proteins, most of which ar

Leukaemia and occupation: a New Zealand Cancer Registry-based case-control Study.

BACKGROUND: To examine the association between occupation and leukaemia. METHODS: We interviewed 225 cases (aged 20-75 years) notified to the New Zealand Cancer Registry during 2003-04, and 471 controls randomly selected from the Electoral Roll collecting demographic details, information on potential confounders and a comprehensive employment history. Associations between occupation and leukaemia were analysed using logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, ethnicity and smoking. RESULTS: Elevated odds ratios (ORs) were observed in agricultural sectors including horticulture/fruit growin

SNP Discovery of 3 K RICE Panel for Specific Traits.

Rice is the most important staple food crop cultivated by millions of small-holder farmers. The effective utilization of extensive genetic diversity leads to sustainable rice production. The 3000 Rice Genomes Project is a publicly accessible giga-dataset of genomic sequences with an average coverage depth of 14×, derived from 3000 rice accessions that represent global genetic and functional diversity. Seeds of these accessions are conserved in the International Rice Genebank Collection, and these resources constitute an unprecedented platform for advancing rice science and modern breeding stra

Singlet Oxygen in Plants: Mechanistic Insights into Production, Oxidative Damage, and Stress-Response Signaling.

Singlet oxygen (1O2), a highly reactive oxygen species generated in illuminated chloroplasts, is a major contributor to photooxidative damage in plants, particularly under high-light stress. This review summarizes the major sites of 1O2 production, its damage mechanisms, and the antioxidant defense and scavenging strategies that limit 1O2 accumulation. Particular emphasis is placed on recent advances in 1O2-mediated signal transduction. EX1 and β-carotene-derived oxidation products have been proposed to act as key components in 1O2 perception and signaling, mediating signal transmission from d

Climate-induced metabolic rewiring in plants: Impact on plant secondary metabolism and microbiome interactions.

Fluctuating climate is an important factor that affects plant secondary metabolism and the plant microbiome. Environmental conditions, such as fluctuating CO2 levels, temperature and precipitation patterns, forced plants to adapt, leading to altered metabolic pathways. Simultaneously, climate-induced stress can reshape the plant microbiome, which disturbs plant growth, resilience, and even the efficacy of SMs. The interplay between climate change, plant metabolism, and the microbiome is complex, yet this relationship remains largely underexplored. Understanding how these factors co-evolve unde

Novel Mandelic Acid Derivatives Containing 1,3,4-Oxadiazolyl Thioether for Enhancing Antibacterial Potential against Ralstonia solanacearum.

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum causes severe crop losses, yet effective agrochemicals remain scarce. Here, we designed a T3SS-targeting antivirulence agent that attenuates the pathogen virulence without inhibiting growth. Two series of mandelic acid and 2-amino-2-phenylacetic acid derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl thioethers were synthesized. High-throughput screening identified W40 (2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-N-(5-((4-methylbenzyl)thio)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)acetamide), which strongly inhibited hrpY expression without affecting bacterial growth. W40 exhibited signific

Shikonin Targets Dihydroorotase to Inhibit the Growth and Virulence of Phytopathogenic Fungi.

Fungal diseases seriously threaten global crop production, highlighting the need for fungicides with novel modes of action. Here, we show that shikonin exerts antifungal activity by targeting dihydroorotase (DHOase). Shikonin significantly inhibited mycelial growth, spore germination, and appressorium formation in representative phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Biophysical analyses showed that shikonin directly binds to the DHOase of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoPyr4), with dissociation constants of 3.084, 1.22, and 1.26 μM determined by MST, SPR, and ITC, respectively. Molecular docking and mutagenes…

Specific and efficient translation inhibition-transcription activation resistance module against viruses in plants.

Positive-sense RNA viruses using subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) cause severe crop losses, yet this conserved feature has rarely been exploited for antiviral engineering. Here, we constructed a virus-activated synthetic immune circuit, wherein viral sgRNA production drives host defense responses via a translation inhibition-transcription activation (TI-TA) module. An optimized translational repression element (dsBC) minimized basal expression while enabling virus-specific activation of resistance-inducing proteins (RIPs) by cognate viral sgRNA promoters. This circuit functioned against three major sg

Novel domain-structure-containing chitinases A and B of Bacillus velezensis produced by recombinant Escherichia coli cells: Synergism on chitin degradation and their potential in suppressing Candida albicans cell germination.

Bacillus velezensis RB.IBE29 harbors two chitinases belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 and exhibiting a novel domain structure. The roles of these chitinases in crop production have been reported; nevertheless, their contribution to controlling human pathogens is unknown. In this initial work, the chitinases A (BvChiA) and B (BvChiB) of strain RB.IBE29 were produced in recombinant Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIPL cells and subsequently purified using HisTrap FF column. The purified BvChiA and BvChiB exhibited the highest chitinase and binding activities against colloidal …

Phytotoxic risk assessment of ambient air pollution on agricultural crops in Selangor State, Malaysia.

The phytotoxic risk of ambient air pollution to local vegetation was assessed in Selangor State, Malaysia. The AOT40 value was calculated by means of the continuously monitored daily maximum concentration and the local diurnal pattern of O3. Together with minor risks associated with the levels of NO2 and SO2, the study found that the monthly AOT40 values in these peri-urban sites were consistently over 1.0 ppm.h, which is well in exceedance of the given European critical level. Linking the O3 level to actual agricultural crop production in Selangor State also indicated that the extent of yield…

Stable Resistance to Potato Virus Y and Potato Leafroll Virus in Transgenic Potato Plants cv. Kennebec Expressing Viral Genes Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions.

Potato virus Y (PVY) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) are the most damaging viruses for potato production worldwide. Mixed infections not only result in additive detrimental effects on plant growth and tuber yield but also complicate the development of durable and broad-spectrum viral resistance. Heterologous protection against PVY can be achieved through the expression of the coat protein (CP) of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) (CPLMV), conferring resistance via a capsid protein-mediated mechanism. On the other hand, we have previously demonstrated that transgenic lines expressing the PLRV ORF2 (R

Maize Kernel Batch Counting System Based on YOLOv8-ByteTrack.

In recent years, the application of deep learning technology in the field of food engineering has developed rapidly. As an essential food raw material and processing target, the number of kernels per maize plant is a critical indicator for assessing crop growth and predicting yield. To address the challenges of frequent target ID switching, high falling speed, and the limited accuracy of traditional methods in practical production scenarios for maize kernel falling count, this study designs and implements a real-time kernel falling counting system based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).

Three Ecological Models to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. for Suppressing Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.

Chemical pesticides help reduce crop loss during production and storage. However, the carbon footprints and ecological costs associated with this strategy are unsustainable. Here, we used three in vitro models to characterize how different Trichoderma species interact with two aflatoxin producers, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, to help develop a climate-resilient biological control strategy against aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species. The growth rate of Trichoderma species is a critical factor in suppressing aflatoxigenic strains via physical interactions. The dual plate assay s

New report of endophytic bacterium Achromobacter xylosoxidans from root tissue of Musa spp.

BACKGROUND: Cavendish (AAA) banana plant (Musa spp.) worldwide cultivated crop harbors many endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria are those that live inside plant tissues without producing any visible symptoms of infection. RESULTS: Endophytic bacterium (MRH 11), isolated from root tissue of Musa spp.was identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans (ON955872) which showed positive effects in IAA production, phosphate solubilization, catalase production. A. xylosoxidans also showed in vitro antagonism against Curvularia lunata causing leaf spot disease of Cavendish (AAA) banana (G-9 variety). T

Light Quality Modulates Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Properties of B. vulgaris L. Plants from Seeds Irradiated with High-Energy Heavy Ions: Implications for Cultivation in Space.

Beta vulgaris L. is a crop selected for cultivation in Space for its nutritional properties. However, exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) can alter plant photosynthetic performance and phytochemical production in the extraterrestrial environment. This study investigated if plant growth under different light quality regimes (FL-white fluorescent; RGB-red-green-blue; RB-red-blue) modifies the photosynthetic behavior and bioactive compound synthesis of plants sprouted by dry seeds irradiated with carbon or titanium high-energy ions. The study evidenced that: (i) the plant response depends on the