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Снимок новаторского подхода к комплексному преподаванию медицинской биохимии в рамках учебной программы для оценки результатов.

Медицинская биохимия (МБ) обычно преподается в начале медицинской программы, в которой практически отсутствует клинический контекст. Время родов и устаревшие методы обучения изображают БМ в негативном свете, ограничивая понимание его важности в медицинской практике. Для решения этой проблемы авторы разработали спирально интегрированный подход к преподаванию этой темы, в рамках которого основные темы, связанные с БМ, намеренно переплетаются по всей учебной программе, предшествующей стыковке, что позволяет учащимся пересматривать и углублять свое понимание материалов в все более клинических и ме

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… phosphate pathway, and their regulatory mechanisms, all of which are high-yield in the pre-clerkship curriculum. … Spiral-2: Revisiting X in the context of hematology, cellular pathogenesis, and nutrition Integrating discussions of RBC metabolism, namely anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), into hematology sessions focused on hemolytic anemias allowed a review of X-linked concepts while …

Роль микроглии в множественном склерозе: последствия для лечения ингибиторами тиросина Брютона.

Множественный склероз (MS) — хроническое аутоиммунное заболевание, затрагивающее центральную нервную систему (CNS), характеризующееся воспалением и нейродегенерацией. Патофизиология MS, особенно его прогрессивные формы, включает различные клеточные компоненты, включая микроглию, являющиеся основными постоянными иммунными клетками CNS. В настоящем обзоре рассматривается роль микроглии в нейроинфламмации, ремонте тканей и нейронном гомеостазе, а также их участие в MS и изучаются потенциальные терапевтические стратегии, ориентированные на микроглиальную функцию.МЕТОДЫ: Поиск литературы, проведенн

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… phosphate pathway; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCA, tricarboxylic acid. … ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CoA, coenzyme A; FA, fatty acid; FADH 2 , Flavin adenine dinucleotide; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; OX PHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCA, tricarboxylic acid. …

Contemporary Perspectives on the Warburg Effect Inhibition in Cancer Therapy.

In the 1920s, Otto Warburg observed the phenomenon of altered glucose metabolism in cancer cells. Although the initial hypothesis suggested that the alteration resulted from mitochondrial damage, multiple studies of the subject revealed a precise, multistage process rather than a random pattern. The phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis emerges not only from mitochondrial abnormalities common in cancer cells, but also results from metabolic reprogramming beneficial for their sustenance. The Warburg effect enables metabolic adaptation of cancer cells to grow and proliferate, simultaneously enabling

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… M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase shows reduced catalytic activity which allows the directing of part of the created G-6-P to the pentose phosphate pathway. The PKM2 isoform also stimulates HIF-1 into increased transcriptional activity by binding to the transactivation domain of HIF1-α subunit. … M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase shows reduced catalytic activity which allows the directing of part of the created G-6-P to the pentose phosphate pathway. The PKM2 isoform also stimulates HIF-1 into increased transcriptional activity by binding to the transactivation domain of HIF1-α subunit. …

Short-chain acyl post-translational modifications in cancers: Mechanisms, roles, and therapeutic implications.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation and are key pathways for modulating protein functionality. PTMs involve the covalent attachment of distinct chemical groups, such as succinyl, crotonyl, and lactyl, at specific protein sites, which alter protein structure, function, stability, and activity, ultimately influencing biological processes. Recently, metabolically derived short-chain acylation modifications (with acyl groups containing fewer than six carbon atoms) have been progressively identified, such as butyrylation, succinylation, crotonylation

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… Lactylation modification significantly influences various metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the regulation of enzymes essential for RNA N6‐methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification, exerting both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzyme activity. … Meng et al. found that the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein inhibits lactylation of G6PD at K45 by reducing lactate production, facilitating G6PD dimer formation, increasing enzyme activity, activating the pentose phosphate pathway, and enhancing the proliferation of cervical cancer cells [ 136 ]. …

Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Cells and the Emerging Role of Oncometabolites as Drivers of Neoplastic Change.

The mitochondrion is an important organelle and provides energy for a plethora of intracellular reactions. Metabolic dysregulation has dire consequences for the cell, and alteration in metabolism has been identified in multiple disease states-cancer being one. Otto Warburg demonstrated that cancer cells, in the presence of oxygen, undergo glycolysis by reprogramming their metabolism-termed "aerobic glycolysis". Alterations in metabolism enable cancer cells to gain a growth advantage by obtaining precursors for macromolecule biosynthesis, such as nucleic acids and lipids. To date, several molec

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… When glucose enters cells, it undergoes glycolysis, linking it to the pentose phosphate pathway, lipid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The pentose phosphate pathway can be used to make nucleotides, DNA, and RNA. … The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) provides the phosphoribosylamine backbone from ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), while glutamine is used as an amide donor [ 53 ]. …

The Landscape of lncRNAs in Multiple Myeloma: Implications in the "Hallmarks of Cancer", Clinical Perspectives and Therapeutic Opportunities.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins. Nowadays, lncRNAs are gaining importance as key regulators of gene expression and, consequently, of several biological functions in physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Here, we point out the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). We focus on their ability to regulate the biological processes identified as "hallmarks of cancer" that enable malignant cell transformation, early tumor onset and progression. The aberrant expression of lncR

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… Yang et al. [ 93 ] demonstrated that PDIA3P modulates MM cells metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway. … Activation of pentose phosphate pathway sustains MM cells proliferation and drug resistance [ 93 ]. 3.7. …

The Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Intestinal Nutrient-Sensing Receptors: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde?

The consumption of artificial and low-calorie sweeteners (ASs, LCSs) is an important component of the Western diet. ASs play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various inflammatory conditions. Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses. This narrative review aimed to summarize the possible effects of ASs and LCSs on intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors and their related functions. Based on the

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… There is endogenous erythritol synthesis from glucose or fructose via the pentose phosphate pathway, which is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and sorbitol dehydrogenase, and NADPH is a required cofactor. … Erythritol is a pentose-phosphate pathway metabolite and associated with adiposity gain in young adults Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017 114 E4233 E4240 10.1073/pnas.1620079114 28484010 PMC5448202 120. Mitsutomi K. Masaki T. Shimasaki T. Gotoh K. Chiba S. Kakuma T. Shibata H. …

Metabolic reprogramming and therapeutic resistance in primary and metastatic breast cancer.

Metabolic alterations, a hallmark of cancer, enable tumor cells to adapt to their environment by modulating glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, which fuels rapid growth and contributes to treatment resistance. In primary breast cancer, metabolic shifts such as the Warburg effect and enhanced lipid synthesis are closely linked to chemotherapy failure. Similarly, metastatic lesions often display distinct metabolic profiles that not only sustain tumor growth but also confer resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies. The review emphasizes two major aspects: the mechanisms driving

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… Pentose phosphate pathway The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the phosphogluconate pathway, is a glucose oxidation pathway essential for synthesizing pentose phosphates and ribonucleotides and is a primary source of NADPH. … Rely primarily on aerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for energy production. Upregulate GLUT1 expression, and NADPH produced by the PPP supports their functions, including the release of pro-tumorigenic factors. …

Processes and therapeutic perspectives of acylation modifications of lysine and cysteine in tumors.

Acylation modification plays a crucial role in tumor progression through altering protein homeostasis and localization. However, a comprehensive summary of these processes is lacking. Protein acylation modifications are comprehensively summarized and categorized based on the amino acids that are modified. This review focuses on modifications of the lysine (acetylation, succinylation, crotonylation, malonylation, and glutarylation) and cysteine (myristoylation and palmitoylation) groups. The key enzymes involved in the occurrence and erasure of different modifications, as well as their effects

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… The effects of lysine succinylation on glucose metabolism in tumor cells are mainly observed in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway [ 92 ]. … Decreased PKM2 activity leads to the transfer of more glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway and enhances the ability of tumor cells to resist oxidative stress. …

Диабетическая иммунотерапия Адаптация с BCG: Metabolic and Immune Reprogramming.

В настоящем обзоре клеточные и молекулярные механизмы, лежащие в основе мультидозы Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), характеризуются как лечебная иммунная терапия для улучшения глицемии аутоиммунного диабета. Данные BCG чаще всего представляют собой данные клинических испытаний человека за последние годы. 15 годы в паре с механистическими представлениями. БЦЖ как вакцина имеет отличный послужной список в плане безопасности, который за сто лет был достигнут в области профилактики туберкулеза во всем мире, и за 36 Годы, были утверждены УЛХ при более высоких дозах для лечения рака мочевого пузыря. Н

Oxidative Stress Linking Obesity and Cancer: Is Obesity a 'Radical Trigger' to Cancer?

Obesity is on the rise worldwide, and consequently, obesity-related non-communicable diseases are as well. Nutritional overload induces metabolic adaptations in an attempt to restore the disturbed balance, and the byproducts of the mechanisms at hand include an increased generation of reactive species. Obesity-related oxidative stress causes damage to vulnerable systems and ultimately contributes to neoplastic transformation. Dysfunctional obese adipose tissue releases cytokines and induces changes in the cell microenvironment, promoting cell survival and progression of the transformed cancer

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… Acute Activation of Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway as First-Line Response to Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Cells Mol. Cell 2015 59 359 371 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.017 26190262 23. Ge T. Yang J. Zhou S. Wang Y. Li Y. Tong X. … The Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Diabetes and Cancer Front. Endocrinol. 2020 11 365 10.3389/fendo.2020.00365 32582032 PMC7296058 24. Geldon S. Fernandez-Vizarra E. Tokatlidis K. …

Research advances of lactylation modification in breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC), a leading cause of cancer mortality in women, involves complex molecular mechanisms including post-translational modifications (PTMs). While common PTMs are well-studied, lactylation-a novel PTM linking metabolism to epigenetics-has emerged as a critical regulator in BC pathogenesis. The high concentration of lactate caused by the Warburg effect makes lactylation in tumor tissue possible. Machine learning enhances the discovery and analysis of lactylation sites by processing large datasets, revealing patterns that influence tumor behavior and patient outcomes. This review o

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… Lactylation stabilizes DCBLD1 activating the pentose phosphate pathway to promote cervical cancer progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2024;43:36. 80. Meng Q, et al. … Human papillomavirus-16 E6 activates the pentose phosphate pathway to promote cervical cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting G6PD lactylation. Redox Biol. 2024;71:103108. 81. Pandkar MR, Sinha S, Samaiya A, Shukla S. …

Redox Remodeling by Nutraceuticals for Prevention and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Inflammation.

Antioxidant-rich dietary regimens are considered the best practice to maintain health, control inflammation, and prevent inflammatory diseases. Yet, nutraceuticals as food supplements are self-prescribed and purchasable over the counter by healthy individuals for the purpose of beneficial effects on fitness and aging. Hence, the effectiveness, safety, and correct intake of these compounds need to be better explored. Since redox-modulating activity of these compounds appears to be involved in activation and or suppression of immune cells, the preventive use of nutraceuticals is very attractive

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… phosphate pathway (PPP) for fatty acid synthesis (FAS) to sustain cell growth and maintain redox homeostasis. … ROS, TRX, and NADPH, produced through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), maintain redox homeostasis and promote inflammation sustained by NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome responses, which are essential for the proliferation of activated effector T cells. …

Metabolic Cooperation and Competition in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Therapy.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an ensemble of non-tumor cells comprising fibroblasts, cells of the immune system, and endothelial cells, besides various soluble secretory factors from all cellular components (including tumor cells). The TME forms a pro-tumorigenic cocoon around the tumor cells where reprogramming of the metabolism occurs in tumor and non-tumor cells that underlies the nature of interactions as well as competitions ensuring steady supply of nutrients and anapleoretic molecules for the tumor cells that fuels its growth even under hypoxic conditions. This metabolic reprogram

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… In a rapidly proliferating tumor cell, alternative pathways of glucose metabolism, like the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), are essential for generating important biomolecules like NADPH and ribose sugars (Figure 1 ). …

Curcumin Rewires the Tumor Metabolic Landscape: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.

Metabolic reprogramming is a fundamental hallmark and a key driver of malignant tumors. By reshaping glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, as well as mitochondrial function, it sustains the abnormal proliferation and survival of tumor cells, making it a crucial target for anti-tumor therapy. Curcumin, a natural multi-target compound, exhibits unique advantages in intervening in tumor metabolic reprogramming due to its low toxicity and broad-spectrum regulatory properties. In various tumor models, it can directly modulate the activity of key glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase 2, lactat

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… Quantitative proteomics reveals that curcumin binds to multiple glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (e.g., GAPDH, PKM1/2, LDHA, MDH1/2, PGD, PHGDH, TPI, PGK1, ALDOA), thereby disrupting metabolic flux [ 12 ]. … Additionally, in melanoma cells, curcumin significantly decreases G6PD activity, thereby regulating the pentose phosphate pathway and suppressing tumor growth [ 39 ]. …

Programmed Cell Death in Health and Disease.

Programmed cell death is a conserved evolutionary process of cell suicide that is central to the development and integrity of eukaryotic organisms [...].

The crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and oxidative stress in cancer progression.

As living standards elevate, cancers are appearing in growing numbers among younger individuals globally and these risks escalate with advancing years. One of the reasons is that instability in the cancer genome reduces the effectiveness of conventional drug treatments and chemotherapy, compared with more targeted therapies. Previous research has discovered non-coding RNAs' crucial role in shaping genetic networks involved in cancer cell growth and invasion through their influence on messenger RNA production or protein binding. Additionally, the interaction between non-coding RNAs and oxidativ

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… phosphate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby bolstering cellular redox homeostasis via augmented NADPH synthesis. 191 G6PD is activated upon acute exposure to ROS, diverting glucose breakdown from glycolysis through the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway into nucleotide … phosphate pathway, PTEN signaling, IL15 production, SIRT signaling, and NF-κB signaling. …

Sphingolipid metabolism and hematologic disorders: current understanding and future directions.

Sphingolipids are not only key structural components of cell membranes but also serve as important signaling molecules, and their metabolic homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of cellular functions. In recent years, with the advancement of technologies such as metabolomics, studies have revealed that sphingolipid metabolic abnormalities are extensively involved in the occurrence and development of various hematological disorders, including immune thrombocytopenia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, graft-versus-host disease, hereditary hematological diseases, and hematologic malignancies.

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… Similarly, targeting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), a key enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), can ameliorate the severity of GVHD by altering the glycolytic dependency of T cells ( Daneshmandi et al., 2025 ). … Although exogenous S1P supplementation can promote glycolysis and ATP generation in stored RBCs, it does so at the cost of inhibiting the pentose phosphate pathway and exacerbating oxidative damage, ultimately reducing post-transfusion recovery ( Hay et al., 2023 ). …

Effects of Obesity and Calorie Restriction on Cancer Development.

The risk of malignant tumor development is increasing in the world. Obesity is an established risk factor for various malignancies. There are many metabolic alterations associated with obesity which promote cancerogenesis. Excessive body weight leads to increased levels of estrogens, chronic inflammation and hypoxia, which can play an important role in the development of malignancies. It is proved that calorie restriction can improve the state of patients with various diseases. Decreased calorie uptake influences lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, hormone levels and cell processes. Ma

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… The oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) provides ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide and erythrose 4-phosphate for amino acid biosynthesis. Glucose-6-phosphate, which undergoes oxidation in the PPP, also leads to the generation of NADPH. … In addition, metabolically activated glucose, in the form of glucose-6-phosphate, enters the hexosamine pathway and pentose phosphate pathway, which leads to the increased production of NADPH used in lipid synthesis and in the regulation of the redox balance [ 39 ]. …

Targeting mTOR and Metabolism in Cancer: Lessons and Innovations.

Cancer cells support their growth and proliferation by reprogramming their metabolism in order to gain access to nutrients. Despite the heterogeneity in genetic mutations that lead to tumorigenesis, a common alteration in tumors occurs in pathways that upregulate nutrient acquisition. A central signaling pathway that controls metabolic processes is the mTOR pathway. The elucidation of the regulation and functions of mTOR can be traced to the discovery of the natural compound, rapamycin. Studies using rapamycin have unraveled the role of mTOR in the control of cell growth and metabolism. By sen

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… Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Nucleotide Synthesis The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis. The rate-limiting reaction in the PPP is catalyzed by Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) [ 145 ]. … Figure 6 The role of mTOR in the pentose phosphate pathway and nucleotide synthesis. mTOR modulates the expression of the enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, purine and pyrimidine synthesis. …