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Analysis of the 2017-2018 Rift valley fever outbreak in Yirol East County, South Sudan: a one health perspective.

INTRODUCTION: the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases have threatened both human and animal health globally since their identification in the 20th century. Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a recurrent zoonotic disease in South Sudan, with the earliest RVF cases confirmed in 2007 in Kapoeta North County, Eastern Equatoria state. METHODS: we analyzed national RVF outbreak data to describe the epidemiological pattern of the RVF outbreak in Yirol East county in Lakes State. The line list of cases (confirmed, probable, suspected, and non-cases) was used to describe the pattern and risk…

A Hyper-Attenuated Variant of Rift Valley Fever Virus Generated by a Mutagenic Drug (Favipiravir) Unveils Potential Virulence Markers.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus that causes Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease of wild and domestic ruminants, causing serious economic losses and a threat to human health that could be controlled by vaccination. Though RVF vaccines are available for livestock, no RVF vaccines have been licensed for veterinary use in non-endemic countries nor for human populations in RVF risk areas. In a recent work, we showed that favipiravir, a promising drug with antiviral activity against a number of RNA viruses, led to the extinction of RVFV from infected cell cultur…

Production of small ruminant morbillivirus, rift valley fever virus and lumpy skin disease virus in CelCradle™ -500A bioreactors.

BACKGROUND: Animal vaccination is an important way to stop the spread of diseases causing immense damage to livestock and economic losses an … as Cell factories for the production of viral vaccines against small ruminant morbillivirus (PPR), rift valley fever virus (RVF) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSD). RESULTS: Two types of cells Vero and primary Lamb Testis cells were used to produce these viruses. The study was done in 2 phases as a) optimization of cell growth and b) virus cultivation. Vero cells …

Eighteen years of implementation of a control programme against Rift Valley fever, 2000-2018, Saudi Arabia: a review study.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a serious life-threatening disease with severe clinical manifestations and health consequences for humans and a wide range of domestic animals. In September 2000, an RVF outbreak was reported in the Jazan region in the south-west part of Saudi Arabia with 886 human cases including 124 deaths. This review provides: a) an overview of the RVF control programme in Saudi Arabia, and b) an assessment of some of the control measures that have been launched since the early recognition of RVF. Currently, with the exception of Saudi Arabia, devastating outbreaks of RVF continu…

Circulation of Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibody in Cattle during Inter-Epizootic/Epidemic Periods in Selected Regions of Tanzania.

Tanzania is one of the sub-Saharan countries that have experienced a number of Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks at intervals of 10-20 years since the first isolation of the virus during the early 1930s. Recent studies have reported serological evidence of inter epizootic/epidemic period circulation of RVF virus (RVFV) in livestock and humans. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey in Tanzania during 2015/16 to further explore the possibility that RVFV was circulating among cattle during the Inter epizootic/epidemic period. A total of 443 cattle samples were collected in…

Cytokine response in mouse bone marrow derived macrophages after infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic Rift Valley fever virus.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is the most pathogenic member of the genus Phlebovirus within the family Bunyaviridae, and can cause severe disease in humans and livestock. Until recently, limited information has been published on the cellular host response elicited by RVFV, particularly in macrophages and dendritic cells, which play critical roles in stimulating adaptive and innate immune responses to viral infection. In an effort to define the initial response of host immunomodulatory cells to infection, primary mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected with the pathogenic RV…

Bead-based suspension array for simultaneous detection of antibodies against the Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid and Gn glycoprotein.

A multiplex bead-based suspension array was developed that can be used for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against the surface glycoprotein Gn and the nucleocapsid protein N of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in various animal species. The N protein and the purified ectodomain of the Gn protein were covalently linked to paramagnetic Luminex beads. The performance of the resulting multiplex immunoassay was evaluated by testing a comprehensive and well-characterized panel of sera from sheep, cattle and humans. The suitability of this multiplex immunoassay to differentiate infected from v…

Rift Valley fever virus infection in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) herds in rural South Africa: evidence of interepidemic transmission.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging biodefense pathogen that poses significant threats to human and livestock health. To date, the interepidemic reservoirs of RVFV are not well defined. In a longitudinal survey of infectious diseases among African buffalo during 2000-2006, 550 buffalo were tested for antibodies against RVFV in 820 capture events in 302 georeferenced locations in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Overall, 115 buffalo (21%) were seropositive. Seroprevalence of RVFV was highest (32%) in the first study year, and decreased progressively in subsequent years, but had no …

Неструктурный протеин NS вызывает изменчивую реакцию антител в домашних румынах, которые естественным образом заражены вирусом лихорадки Рифт-Вэлли.

Жар в долине Рифт (RVF) — новый зооноз в Африке, который распространился на Египет, Аравийский полуостров, Мадагаскар и Коморские Острова. Вирус RVF (RVFV) (семейство Bunyaviridae, род флебовирусов) вызывает широкий спектр симптомов у людей: от доброкачественной лихорадки до смертельной геморрагической лихорадки. Слухи серьезно страдают от этого заболевания, что приводит к высокому уровню смертности среди молодых животных, а также к абортам и тератогенезу у беременных женщин. Диагностические тесты включают изоляцию вируса и геном или обнаружение антител. Во время инфекции RVFV нуклеопротеин, и

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonosis in Africa which has spread to Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Comoros. RVF virus (RVFV) (Bunyaviridae family, Phlebovirus genus) causes a wide range of symptoms in humans, from benign fever to fatal hemorrhagic fever. Ruminants are severely affected by the disease, which leads to a high rate of mo…

Reverse-phase phosphoproteome analysis of signaling pathways induced by Rift valley fever virus in human small airway epithelial cells.

Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease endemic in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa and in Egypt. In this study we show that human small airway epithelial cells are highly susceptible to RVFV virulent strain ZH-501 and the attenuated strain MP-12. We used the reverse-phase protein arrays technology to identify phosphoprotein signaling pathways modulated during infection of cultured airway epithelium. ZH-501 infection induced activation of MAP kinases (p38, JNK and ERK) and downstream transcriptional factors [STAT1 (Y701), ATF2 (T69/71), MSK1 (S360) and CREB…

Efficient production of Rift Valley fever virus-like particles: The antiviral protein MxA can inhibit primary transcription of bunyaviruses.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic member of the family Bunyaviridae that needs to be handled under biosafety level (BSL) 3 conditions. Here, we describe reverse genetics systems to measure RVFV polymerase activity in mammalian cells and to generate virus-like particles (VLPs). Recombinant polymerase (L) and nucleocapsid protein (N), expressed together with a minireplicon RNA, formed transcriptionally active nucleocapsids. These could be packaged into VLPs by additional expression of viral glycoproteins. The VLPs resembled authentic virus particles and were able to infect ne…

Short report: efficient oral infection of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus by Rift Valley fever virus using a cotton stick support.

Transmission experiments are essential to assess vector competence. In an attempt to study Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) transmission in its arthropod vector, disseminated infection rates were measured in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus exposed to Clone 13, an avirulent variant of RVFV. We compared the classic system of glass feeders covered with different membranes (0-1%) with an alternative system in which a cotton stick is used as a support of a blood meal. The latter system showed the highest successful feeding rate (80%). Using this system, we optimized two parameters to obtain the highes…

A Rift Valley fever risk surveillance system for Africa using remotely sensed data: potential for use on other continents.

The authors developed a monitoring and risk mapping system using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) times series data derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) instrument on polar orbiting national oceanographic and atmospheric administration (NOAA) satellites to map areas with a potential for a Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. This system is potentially an important tool for local, national and international organisations involved in the prevention and control of animal and human disease, permitting focused and timely implementation o…

Highly sensitive and broadly reactive quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for high-throughput detection of Rift Valley fever virus.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a mosquito-borne virus associated with large-scale epizootics/epidemics throughout Africa and the Arabian peninsula. Virus infection can result in economically disastrous "abortion storms" and high newborn mortality in livestock. Human infections result in a flu-like illness, with 1 to 2% of patients developing severe complications, including encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates. There is a critical need for a highly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic assay capable of detecting the natural genetic spectrum of RVF viruses. We repor…

Laboratory transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by Phlebotomus duboscqi, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti, and Sergentomyia schwetzi (Diptera: Psychodidae).

We examined the potential for Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli), Phlebotomus duboscqi (Neveu-Lemarie), Phlebotomus sergenti (Parrot), and Sergentomyia schwetzi (Adler, Theodor, & Parrot) to transmit Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. After feeding on hamsters that had been inoculated with RVF virus, P. papatasi, P. sergenti, and S. schwetzi became infected and developed disseminated infections. All P. papatasi and P. duboscqi inoculated with RVF virus developed high-titer infections. In contrast, only 41% of the inoculated S. schwetzi contained detectable virus, and infected individuals contained sig…

The L protein of Rift Valley fever virus can rescue viral ribonucleoproteins and transcribe synthetic genome-like RNA molecules.

Overlapping cDNAs representing the complete L segment of Rift Valley fever virus were assembled, and the L protein was expressed via a recombinant vaccinia virus. The transcriptase activity of the L protein was assayed with two types of templates: natural ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and artificial genome-like RNAs. RNPs purified in a CsCl gradient did not retain the RNA polymerase function, but the activity was restored when the L cDNA was expressed in mammalian cells via a recombinant vaccinia virus. Indeed, after transfection of transcriptase-depleted RNPs in cells infected with the recombinan…

Sequential development of the liver lesions in new-born lambs infected with Rift Valley fever virus. II. Ultrastructural findings.

The macroscopic and microscopic lesions in livers of new-born lambs experimentally infected with Rift Valley fever virus and killed at various intervals between 6-53 h after inoculation, were described in a previous paper. This communication gives an overview of the ultrastructural changes affecting hepatocytes, sinusoids and spaces of Disse, biliary tree and portal triads as well as observations on the morphology and morphogenesis of the virus. Hepatocytes were those primarily affected, while inflammatory and architectural changes were secondary. The changes included prominent nuclear alterat…

Accuracy of rapid and near-patient diagnostics for detection of rift valley fever and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic Fever infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are severe zoonotic viral diseases with overlapping clinical features, often leading to misdiagnosis. Rapid and near-patient diagnostics are vital for timely outbreak detection and response, especially in endemic and resource-limited settings. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA-DTA guidelines. Peer-reviewed and grey literature from 2008 to 2025 evaluating rapid diagnostics for CCHF and RVF were included. Data on sensitivity, specificity, analyte type, validation site, study population, a…

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis, Rift Valley fever and Q fever among settled and mobile agro-pastoralist communities and their livestock in Chad.

Brucellosis, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and Q fever are zoonoses prevalent in many developing countries, causing a high burden on human and animal health. Only a few studies are available on these among agro-pastoralist communities and their livestock in Chad. The objective of our study was to estimate brucellosis, RVF and Q fever seroprevalence among Chadian agro-pastoralist communities and their livestock, and to investigate risk factors for seropositivity. We conducted a multi-stage cross-sectional serological survey in two rural health districts, Yao and Danamadji (966 human and 1041 livestoc…