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Antifungal efficacy of Eugenia uniflora leaves extract: In vitro and insilico investigations against Candida albicans, C. auris and C. glabrata.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae), commonly known as pitanga or Brazilian cherry, is widely used in traditiona … ere investigated using flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanistic assays included ergosterol-binding and biofilm inhibition analyses. Checkerboard assays were conducted to evaluate synergistic interactions with amphotericin B and nystatin. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to assess the binding affinity of major phytoche …

The conversion of chicken manure to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis. III. Analyses of chicken manure, bio-oils and char by Py-FIMS and Py-FDMS.

Fast pyrolysis of chicken manure produced the following three fractions: bio-oil Fraction I, bio-oil Fraction II, and a char. In a previous … , bio-oil Fraction I, and char each contained about 4% sterols with cholesterol, ethylcholestriene, ergosterol, ethylcholestene, ethylcholesterol and beta -sitosterol as major components. Semi-quantitative estimates of the total materials identified by Py-FIMS were: chicken manure: 61.1%; bio-oil Fraction I: 81.3%; bio-oil Fraction II: 78.6%; char: 61.3%; an …

Antitumor, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract and the Related Medicinal Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.

Since the 1980s, medicinal effects have been documented in scientific studies with the related Basidiomycota mushrooms Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE) and Grifola frondosa (GF) from Brazilian and Eastern traditional medicine. Special focus has been on their antitumor effects, but the mushrooms' anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties have also been investigated. The antitumor mechanisms were either direct tumor attack, e.g., apoptosis and metastatic suppression, or indirect defense, e.g., inhibited tumor neovascularization and T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response. T

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… This was thought to be due to immunological- and ergosterol-mediated inhibited neovascularization of tumor. … One study found an anticancer effect of an ergosterol derivative (Agarol) from AbM in a xenografted carcinoma murine model due to apoptosis [ 7 ]. …

Triadimefon causes branchial arch malformations in Xenopus laevis embryos.

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Triazole-derivatives are potent antifungal agents used as systemic agricultural fungicides and against fungal diseases in humans and domestic animals. They act by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, thus resulting in faulty fungal cell wall synthesis. Some data have been published about the teratogenic activity of triazoles on rodent embryos: Hypoplasias, abnormal shape, agenesis of the branchial arches, for example, were reported as typical induced malformations. Unfortunately, no data are available on the embryotoxicity of these…

Recent advances in drug repositioning for the discovery of new anticancer drugs.

Drug repositioning (also referred to as drug repurposing), the process of finding new uses of existing drugs, has been gaining popularity in recent years. The availability of several established clinical drug libraries and rapid advances in disease biology, genomics and bioinformatics has accelerated the pace of both activity-based and in silico drug repositioning. Drug repositioning has attracted particular attention from the communities engaged in anticancer drug discovery due to the combination of great demand for new anticancer drugs and the availability of a wide variety of cell- and targ

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… It is known to inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent lanosterol 14-α-demethylation (14DM) in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in fungi 14 . Ergosterol is the main sterol in most yeasts and fungi, being responsible for their membrane integrity and function. … By inhibiting 14DM, itraconazole and related azole compounds cause the depletion of ergosterol and induce accumulation of 14-α methylsterols that can impair membrane functions, thereby suppressing the fungal growth 14 , 16 . …

Cytotoxicity of Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus extracts on hematologic malignant cells through activation of the SAPK/JNK signaling pathway.

Treatment of hematologic malignancies is a formidable challenge for hematologists and there is an urgent need to identify safe and efficacious agents either via synthesis in the laboratory or isolation from natural products. Here, we report the cytotoxicity of extracts from mushroom Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus Høil (G. pps) and describe its molecular mechanisms. Using leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines, 28-35 ppm G. pps extract inhibited cell proliferation by ~46-79%, which correlates with activation of apoptosis as indicated by increase in annexin V-positive cells (~5-8-fol

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… Their anticancer properties are attributed to the presence of cytotoxic compounds like ganoderic acid, grifolin, ergosterol, trametenolic acid, inotodiol, lanostanes, ergosterol peroxide, hispidin, psilocin, psilocybin, bufotenin, aeruginascin, linolenic acid, eryngeolysin, ostreolysin, lecitins, laccases … Ergosterol peroxide and ergosterol from dichloromethane extracts of Geastrum triplex and Termitomyces clypeatus , respectively, exhibited cytotoxic activities against breast cancer (MCF-7), colon cancer (HT-29), and small lung cell carcinoma (H69PR) [ 12 ]. …

[Impurity profile analysis of amphotericin B using on-line two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry].

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene-macrolide antimicrobial drug with a broad antibacterial spectrum and remarkable efficacy against deep fungal infections. It binds to ergosterol on the fungal cell membrane and alters its permeability, thereby destroying the membrane. AmB is a multicomponent antimicrobial medication that contains a wide range of impurities, rendering quality analysis extremely difficult. In the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Edition 2020) and European Pharmacopoeia (EP10.3), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is applied to examine related substances in AmB. However, …

The cellular and molecular defense mechanisms of the Candida yeasts against azole antifungal drugs.

The molecular mechanisms supporting resistance to azole antifungals have attracted a great interest during the last decades because of the emergence of clinical resistance to the treatment of fungal infections. The availability of genome sequencing data, of molecular biology tools, and of a large set of clinical and laboratory azole-resistant strains, made the yeasts Candida the biological material of choice to decipher azole resistance mechanisms. The yeast Candida albicans has several cellular ways to resist to azole drugs: decreased affinity of the target protein Erg11p for the drugs, incre

Amphotericin B kills unicellular leishmanias by forming aqueous pores permeable to small cations and anions.

The polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) is known to form two types of ionic channels across sterol-containing liposomes, depending on its concentration and time after mixing (Cohen, 1992). In the present study, it is shown that AmB only kills unicellular Leishmania promastigotes (LPs) when aqueous pores permeable to small cations and anions are formed. Changes of membrane potential across ergosterol-containing liposomes and LPs were followed by fluorescence changes of 3,3' dipropylthiadicarbocyanine (DiSC3(5)). In KCl-loaded liposomes suspended in an iso-osmotic sucrose solution, low AmB c…

Current Uses of Mushrooms in Cancer Treatment and Their Anticancer Mechanisms.

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Various chemotherapeutic drugs have been extensively used for cancer treatment. However, current anticancer drugs cause severe side effects and induce resistance. Therefore, the development of novel and effective anticancer agents with minimal or no side effects is important. Notably, natural compounds have been highlighted as anticancer drugs. Among them, many researchers have focused on mushrooms that have biological activities, including antitumor activity. The aim of this review is to discuss the anticancer potential of different mushroom

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… Anticancer Compounds from Medicinal Mushrooms The bioactive compounds found in mushrooms include polysaccharides, proteins, fats, phenolics, alkaloids, ergosterol, selenium, folate, enzymes, and organic acids. … Ergosterol peroxide and 4-acetylantroquinonol from Inonotus obliquus inhibited nuclear β-catenin in colon cancer cells [ 2 ]. …

The Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Elicits Medicinal Effects on Tumor, Infection, Allergy, and Inflammation through Its Modulation of Innate Immunity and Amelioration of Th1/Th2 Imbalance and Inflammation.

The medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill from the Brazilian rain forest has been used in traditional medicine and as health food for the prevention of a range of diseases, including infection, allergy, and cancer. Other scientists and we have examined whether there is scientific evidence behind such postulations. Agaricus blazei M is rich in the immunomodulating polysaccharides, β-glucans, and has been shown to have antitumor, anti-infection, and antiallergic/-asthmatic properties in mouse models, in addition to anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease patients. These effec

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… AbM is also shown to contain agaritine and ergosterol (provitamin D2) that is found to induce apoptosis in leukemic cells [ 10 ] and inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis [ 11 ], respectively, as well as isoflavonoids with potent hypoglycemic action that could be useful against diabetes mellitus [ 12 ]. … Antitumor promoting effect of an active component of polyporus, ergosterol and related compounds on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis in a short-term test with concanavalin A. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000;23(11):1298–1302. doi: 10.1248/bpb.23.1298. 55. Viola A. …

The Potential of Mushroom Extracts to Improve Chemotherapy Efficacy in Cancer Cells: A Systematic Review.

Chemoresistance is a challenge in cancer treatment, limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Mushroom extracts have shown potential as treatments for cancer therapies, offering a possible solution to overcome chemoresistance. This systematic review aimed to explore the role of mushroom extracts in enhancing chemotherapy and reversing chemoresistance in cancer cells. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, following the PRISMA guidelines, and registered on PROSPERO. The extracts acted by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells, as well as enhancing the effect of che

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… Another study showed that ergosterol peroxide isolated from the lipid fraction of Ganoderma lucidum had the ability to reverse the chemoresistance conferred by microRNA (miR-378) in tumour cells (U87 and MDA-MB-231 cells). … Ergosterol Peroxide Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum Abolishes MicroRNA miR-378-Mediated Tumor Cells on Chemoresistance PLoS ONE 2012 7 e44579 10.1371/journal.pone.0044579 22952996 PMC3431381 52. Nowacka N. Nowak R. Drozd M. Olech M. Los R. Malm A. …

Alteration of SHP-1/p-STAT3 Signaling: A Potential Target for Anticancer Therapy.

The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, has been reported as a negative regulator of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and linked to tumor development. In this present review, we will discuss the importance and function of SHP-1/p-STAT3 signaling in nonmalignant conditions as well as malignancies, its cross-talk with other pathways, the current clinical development and the potential role of inhibitors of this pathway in anticancer therapy and clinical relevance of SHP

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… Apart from the above-mentioned drugs, there is a range of other anticancer compounds like Icariside II [ 79 ], betulinic acid [ 80 ], ergosterol peroxide [ 81 ], epigallocatechin-3-gallate [ 82 ], genipin [ 83 ], boswellic acid [ 84 ], ginkgolic acid C 17:1 [ 85 ], emodin [ 86 ], γ-Tocotrienol [ 87 ] … Inhibition of STAT3 signaling and induction of SHP1 mediate antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of ergosterol peroxide in U266 multiple myeloma cells. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:28. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-28. 82. …

Natural Products/Bioactive Compounds as a Source of Anticancer Drugs.

Cancer is one of the major deadly diseases globally. The alarming rise in the mortality rate due to this disease attracks attention towards discovering potent anticancer agents to overcome its mortality rate. The discovery of novel and effective anticancer agents from natural sources has been the main point of interest in pharmaceutical research because of attractive natural therapeutic agents with an immense chemical diversity in species of animals, plants, and microorganisms. More than 60% of contemporary anticancer drugs, in one form or another, have originated from natural sources. Plants

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… Misgiati et al. isolated ergosterol using n-hexane extracts prepared with Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom. The anticancer activity of the ergosterol using an MTT assay was identified against MCF-7 cells. … Ergosterol isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill n-hexane extracts as potential anticancer MCF-7 activity Pharmacogn. J. 2021 13 418 426 10.5530/pj.2021.13.53 174. Sun Y. Cheng M. Dong L. Yang K. Ma Z. Yu S. Yan P. Bai K. Zhu X. Zhang Q. …

Infectious Diseases

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Mushroom Polysaccharide-Assisted Anticarcinogenic Mycotherapy: Reviewing Its Clinical Trials.

Of the biologically active components, polysaccharides play a crucial role of high medical and pharmaceutical significance. Mushrooms have existed for a long time, dating back to the time of the Ancient Egypt and continue to be well explored globally and experimented with in research as well as in national and international cuisines. Mushroom polysaccharides have slowly become valuable sources of nutraceuticals which have been able to treat various diseases and disorders in humans. The application of mushroom polysaccharides for anticancer mycotherapy is what is being reviewed herein. The wide

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… Ergosterol purified from medicinal mushroom Amauroderma rude inhibits cancer growth in vitro and in vivo by up-regulating multiple tumor suppressors Oncotarget 2015 6 17832 17846 10.18632/oncotarget.4026 26098777 PMC4627349 24. Chang J.S. Kuo H.P. Chang K.L. Kong Z.L. … Ergosterol peroxide from Chaga mushroom ( Inonotus obliquus ) exhibits anti-cancer activity by down-regulation of the beta-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015 173 303 312 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.030 26210065 31. Song K.S. Li G. Kim J.S. Jing K. Kim T.D. Kim J.P. Seo S.B. …

Pulmonary aspergillosis: diagnosis and treatment.

Aspergillus species are the most frequent cause of fungal infections of the lungs with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). IPA affects immunocompromised populations, which are increasing in number and diversity with the advent of novel anti-cancer therapies. Moreover, IPA has emerged as a complication of severe influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 in apparently immunocompetent hosts. CPA mainly affects patients with pre-existing lung lesions and is recognised increasingly frequently among patie

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… These AF agents inhibit the biosynthesis of ergosterol and are fungicidal against most Aspergillus species with some rare exceptions such as cryptic species of section Fumigati ( e.g. A. lentulus , A. udagawae ) and all species of section Usti ( e.g. … Amphotericin B This AF agent binds to ergosterol, which results in altered integrity of the cell membrane with loss of protons and monovalent cations [ 74 ]. The AF activity of amphotericin B may also result from production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage [ 75 ]. …

Field-Deployable Treatments For Leishmaniasis: Intrinsic Challenges, Recent Developments and Next Steps.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic primarily to low- and middle-income countries, for which there has been inadequate development of affordable, safe, and efficacious therapies. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing skin lesions to lethal visceral infection with chances of relapse. Although treatments are available, secondary effects limit their use outside the clinic and negatively impact the quality of life of patients in endemic areas. Other non-medicinal treatments, such as thermotherapies, are limited to use in patients with cutaneous leishman

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… shortened regimens, generic versions available | Severe side effects, toxicity, efficacy against MCL is variable, parasite resistance, costly, lengthy regimen, contraindications in multiple patient cohorts | – | [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 14–17 , 27–30 ] L-AmB | Parenteral, IL, IV | Chemotherapy | Binds to parasitic ergosterol … . 71 , 72 Decades later, both drugs were observed to have leishmanicidal effects due to the ergosterol content in Leishmania membranes. 73–75 Similarly, miltefosine, a drug advanced to clinical trials targeting breast cancer and other malignancies, 76 was found to have leishmanicidal potential which …

Fungal, Viral, and Other Oddball Infections and the Immunosuppressed Patient

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… Polyenes include amphotericin B, which inhibits ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell wall. C. glabrata and C. krusei species are most commonly treated with echinocandins listed above [ 1 ]. …

Resistance in human pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi: prevalence, underlying molecular mechanisms and link to the use of antifungals in humans and the environment.

Antifungal drug resistance is a multifaceted clinical challenge, and when present, a primary cause of treatment failure in patients with sev … by a frameshift mutation in ERG2 leading to loss of function of the encoded protein and subsequent ergosterol depletion. The number of acquired resistance cases is increasing in our settings and Paper IV sought to illuminate whether antifungal resistance is overlooked in the current fungaemia programme. This involved the acquisition of post-treatment oral i …