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Virologic surveillance for wild-type rubella viruses in the Americas.

The goal of eliminating rubella from the Americas by 2010 was established in 2003. Subsequently, a systematic nomenclature for wild-type rubella viruses (wtRVs) was established, wtRVs circulating in the region were catalogued, and importations of wtRVs into a number of countries were documented. The geographic distribution of wtRVs of various genotypes in the Americas, interpreted in the context of the global distribution of these viruses, contributed to the documentation of rubella elimination from some countries. Data from virologic surveillance also contributed to the conclusion that viruse…

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.

BACKGROUND: Viral epidemics or pandemics of acute respiratory infections like influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome pose a world-wide threat. Antiviral drugs and vaccinations may be insufficient to prevent catastrophe. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the effectiveness of physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2009, issue 2); MEDLINE (1966 to May 2009); OLDMEDLINE (1950 to 1965); EMBASE (1990 to May 2009); and CINAHL (1982 to M…

Вирусы и артрит: новые задачи в области диагностики, лечения и иммунизации.

Несмотря на то, что многие вирусы вызывают симптомы мускулоскелета во время острой инфекции, долгосрочный подстрекательский артрит остается необычным последствием. При оценке артрита у пациента с хронической или скрытой вирусной инфекцией серологическое тестирование и терапевтические методы существенно изменяются. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Пример гепатита С показывает, как хроническая инфекция может осложнить диагностику ревматоидного артрита. Определение коэффициента ревматоида имеет ограниченную полезность, в то время как антициклический цитуллинированный пептид стал новым испытанием с улучшенной специфик

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Although many viruses produce musculoskeletal symptoms during an acute infection, a long-term inflammatory arthritis remains an unusual consequence. When evaluating arthritis in a patient with a chronic or latent viral infection, serologic testing and therapeutic options are significantly altered. RESULTS: The example of hepatitis C reveals how …

Respiratory viruses in bronchiolitis and their link to recurrent wheezing and asthma.

Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for children younger than 1 year of age and these hospitalized children have an increased risk for developing childhood asthma. It remains unclear, however, which children who have severe bronchiolitis (eg, an episode requiring hospitalization) will develop recurrent wheezing or asthma. Although many environmental and genetic factors may play a role in the pathway from bronchiolitis to asthma, this article focuses on the viruses that have been linked to bronchiolitis and how these viruses may predict or contribute to future wheezing and ast…

Comparison of monkeypox viruses pathogenesis in mice by in vivo imaging.

Monkeypox viruses (MPXV) cause human monkeypox, a zoonotic smallpox-like disease endemic to Africa, and are of worldwide public health and biodefense concern. Using viruses from the Congo (MPXV-2003-Congo-358) and West African (MPXV-2003-USA-044) clades, we constructed recombinant viruses that express the luciferase gene (MPXV-Congo/Luc+and MPXV-USA-Luc+) and compared their viral infection in mice by biophotonic imaging. BALB/c mice became infected by both MPXV clades, but they recovered and cleared the infection within 10 days post-infection (PI). However, infection in severe combined immune …

Pathogeneses of respiratory infections with virulent and attenuated vaccinia viruses.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory infection with the neurovirulent vaccinia virus (VV) strain Western Reserve (WR) results in an acute infection of the lung followed by dissemination of the virus to other organs and causes lethality in mice. The mechanisms of lethality are not well-understood. In this study, we analyzed virus replication and host immune responses after intranasal infection with lethal and non-lethal doses of VV using the WR strain and the less virulent Wyeth strain. RESULTS: The WR strain replicated more vigorously in the lung and in the brain than the Wyeth strain. There were, however

Bacteria and viruses in maxillary sinuses of patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia.

OBJECTIVE: To study bacteria and viruses in maxillary sinuses of patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia receiving immunoglobulin therapy. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study during 6 months. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Seventeen patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia (10 males and 7 females; mean age, 39 years [age range, 11-71 years]). Sixteen patients had common variable immunodeficiency, and 1 patient had X-linked agammaglobulinemia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray imaging of paranasal sinuses when patients did not ha…

Detection of viruses identified recently in children with acute wheezing.

The etiologic role of recently identified respiratory viruses for acute wheezing in children is not yet clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of recently identified viruses, including human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human bocavirus (hBoV), human coronavirus NL63 (hCoV-NL63), and human coronavirus HKU1 (hCoV-HKU1) in children with acute wheezing. Viral etiology was identified in 231 children hospitalized with acute wheezing, aged from 1 month to 5 years. Viral antigens for common respiratory viruses were detected by IFA or multiplex PCR. RT-PCR was used to detect resp…

[Diseases caused by viruses and toxins in biological warfare and bioterrorism].

INTRODUCTION: Viruses and toxins, as well as bacteria and rickettsia can potentially be used as biological weapons in conflicts or in bioterrorism. USE OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS: The infection can be acquired by inhalation of aerosols, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or direct contact with the skin or mucosa. Special attention must be given to the possible use of genetically modified agents. CONCLUSION: This paper describes the clinical features of diseases caused hbi viruses (smallpox, hemorrhagic Jever and encephalitis) and toxins (botulinum, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, ricinus toxi…

Herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses: forgotten but not gone.

Herpesvirus infections are common complications of organ transplantation. The most frequent herpesvirus infections are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex (HSV) and varicella zoster (VZV). Despite expansion of the therapeutic armamentarium, HSV and VZV continue to cause morbidity and occasional mortality in transplant recipients. Here we review the incidence and risk factors for HSV and VZV disease, their clinical presentation, effects of newer immunosuppressive regimens and prophylaxis for HSV and VZV in solid organ transplant recipients.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: is there a role for viruses?

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is a primary heart muscle disease characterized structurally by progressi … ms have been postulated to contribute to the onset and the progression of the disease. Cardiotropic viruses have been detected in some ARVC/D cases, and they have been proposed as possible etiologic agents. Several etiopathogenetic theories are herein presented in detail with particular attention to the inflammatory/infective one and its possible links be …

Development of treatment strategies to combat Ebola and Marburg viruses.

Ebola and Marburg viruses are emerging/re-emerging pathogens that pose a significant threat to human health. These naturally occurring viral infections frequently cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. The disastrous consequences of infection with these viruses have been pursued as potential biological weapons. To date, there are no therapeutic options available for the prophylaxis or treatment of infected individuals. The recognition that Ebola and Marburg viruses may be exploited as biological weapons has resulted in major efforts to develop modalities to counter i…

Predicted inactivation of viruses of relevance to biodefense by solar radiation.

UV radiation from the sun is the primary germicide in the environment. The goal of this study was to estimate inactivation of viruses by solar exposure. We reviewed published reports on 254-nm UV inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA genomes. We calculated D(37) values (fluence producing on average one lethal hit per virion and reducing viable virus to 37%) from all available data. We defined "size-normalized sensitivity" (SnS) by multiplying UV(254) s…

Selection for virulent dengue viruses occurs in humans and mosquitoes.

Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. The spread of both mosquito vectors and viruses has led to the resurgence of epidemic dengue fever (a self-limited flu-like syndrome) and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (severe dengue with bleeding abnormalities) in urban centers of the tropics. There are no animal or laboratory models of dengue disease; indirect evidence suggests that dengue viruses differ in virulence, including their pathogenicities for humans and epidemic potential. We developed two assay systems (using human dendritic cells and Aedes aegypti mosq…

Evolution of the receptor binding phenotype of influenza A (H5) viruses.

Receptor specificity of influenza A/H5 viruses including human 2003-04 isolates was studied. All but two isolates preserved high affinity to Sia2-3Gal (avian-like) receptors. However, two isolates (February, 2003, Hong Kong) demonstrated decreased affinity to Sia2-3Gal and moderate affinity to a Sia2-6Gal (human-like) receptors. These two viruses had a unique Ser227-Asn change in the hemagglutinin molecule. Thus, a single amino acid substitution can significantly alter receptor specificity of avian H5N1 viruses, providing them with an ability to bind to receptors optimal for human influenza vi…

High diversity of unknown picorna-like viruses in the sea.

Picorna-like viruses are a loosely defined group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that are major pathogens of animals, plants and insects. They include viruses that are of enormous economic and public-health concern and are responsible for animal diseases (such as poliomyelitis), plant diseases (such as sharka) and insect diseases (such as sacbrood). Viruses from the six divergent families (the Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Comoviridae, Sequiviridae, Dicistroviridae and Potyviridae) that comprise the picorna-like virus superfamily have the following features in common: a genome w…

The pas de deux of viruses and CD8 T cells.

The vertebrate immune system has evolved to deal with parasitic life forms, so it is hardly surprising that experiments with pathogens have proved illuminating for immunology. Those of us who have worked for years with infectious processes are acutely conscious that we do little more than probe the vast 'experiment of nature.' There is no place for doctrinaire rigidity in this extraordinarily complex area of biology. Though we have obviously tried to do rational experiments, much of the novelty that has been brought in to immunology from the analysis of the virus-specific host response has, in

Role of viruses in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren syndrome.

Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren syndrome remain elusive in the description of their underlying etiologic causes and pathogenic mechanisms. Although underlying genetic predisposition appears to contribute to both diseases based on twin and other genetic studies, additional factors must play a role. Over the decades additional factors, such as hormonal influence, UV light, environmental exposures (e.g., silica, solvents), and infectious agents have been postulated to play a role. Over the past few years additional information has been published concerning roles of various infectious age