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Occupational skin disease among Australian healthcare workers: a retrospective analysis from an occupational dermatology clinic, 1993-2014.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of developing occupational skin disease (OSD). OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the causes of OSD in Australian HCWs in a tertiary referral clinic. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of patients assessed at the Occupational Dermatology Clinic in Melbourne from 1993 to 2014. RESULTS: Of 685 HCWs assessed in the clinic over a period of 22 years, 555 (81.0%) were diagnosed with OSD. The most common diagnosis was irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) (79.1%), followed by allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) (49.7%). Natural rubber latex allergy was

[Imaging in acute toxic encephalopathy].

Neuroimaging, particularly MR imaging, plays a major role for the diagnosis of many acute toxic encephalopathies. Toxic disorders are related to drugs (immunosuppressive agents, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-epileptic drugs, heroin...), to metals (lead, manganese, mercury...), and to industrial and environmental chemicals (solvent, carbon monoxide...). MR imaging with diffusion and perfusion imaging provides information regarding brain lesions induced by the toxic agents (vasogenic edema, cytotoxic edema, infarction, hemorrhage, demyelination...).

Combined Pharmacotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With Alcohol or Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

IMPORTANCE: Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a pressing public health concern. Combined behavioral and pharmacological interventions … ), methadone hydrochloride or combined buprenorphine hydrochloride and naltrexone (11 of 62 [18%]), disulfiram (5 of 62 [8%]), and another pharmacotherapy or mixture of pharmacotherapies (20 of 62 [32%]). Random-effects pooled estimates showed a benefit associated with combined CBT and pharmacotherapy over usual care (g range, 0.18-0.28; k = 9). However, CBT …

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: how to predict, prevent, diagnose and treat it.

(1) When people who are physically dependent on alcohol stop drinking, they experience an alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The symptoms generall … or meprobamate (the latter carries a risk of serious adverse effects). Acamprosate, naltrexone and disulfiram are not beneficial in alcohol withdrawal. (9) Gradual withdrawal, i.e. ingestion of decreasing amounts of alcohol, has not been compared with other methods but is generally not recommended. (10) There are no specific recommendations on hydration. No …

Revitalizing Cancer Treatment: Exploring the Role of Drug Repurposing.

Cancer persists as a global challenge necessitating continual innovation in treatment strategies. Despite significant advancements in comprehending the disease, cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, exerting substantial economic burdens on healthcare systems and societies. The emergence of drug resistance further complicates therapeutic efficacy, underscoring the urgent need for alternative approaches. Drug repurposing, characterized by the utilization of existing drugs for novel clinical applications, emerges as a promising avenue for addressing these challenges. Repurposed d

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… These studies suggest that the Antabuse drugs disulfiram and naltrexone can sensitize drug-resistant BCs. 2.2. … The Evolving Role of Disulfiram in Radiobiology and the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:10441–10446. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S271532. 27. Askgaard G., Friis S., Hallas J., Thygesen L.C., Pottegård A. Use of disulfiram and risk of cancer: A population-based case-control study. Eur. …

Dithiocarbamates have a common toxic effect on zebrafish body axis formation.

We previously determined that the dithiocarbamate pesticide sodium metam (NaM) and its active ingredient methylisothiocyanate (MITC) were developmentally toxic causing notochord distortions in the zebrafish. In this study, developing zebrafish were exposed to isothiocyanates (ITCs), dithiocarbamates (DTCs) and several degradation products to determine the teratogenic relationship of these chemical classes at the molecular level. All dithiocarbamates tested elicited notochord distortions with notochord NOELs from <4 to 40 ppb, while none of the ITCs caused notochord distortions with the excepti

Ca2+ store dynamics determines the pattern of activation of the store-operated Ca2+ current I(CRAC) in response to InsP3 in rat basophilic leukaemia cells.

1. The relationship between the amplitude of the store-operated Ca2+ ICR AC and intracellular inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) concentration is complex. In rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL-1) cells dialysed with high intracellular Ca2+ buffer, the relationship is supra-linear with a Hill coefficient of 12 and resembles an apparent 'all-or-none' phenomenon. The non-linearity seems to arise from InsP3 metabolism. However, it is not clear which InsP3-metabolising pathway engenders the non-linear behaviour nor whether ICRAC is always activated to its maximal extent by InsP3. 2. Using the whole-cel

Revolutionizing ovarian cancer therapy by drug repositioning for accelerated and cost-effective treatments.

Drug repositioning, the practice of identifying novel applications for existing drugs beyond their originally intended medical indications, stands as a transformative strategy revolutionizing pharmaceutical productivity. In contrast to conventional drug development approaches, this innovative method has proven to be exceptionally effective. This is particularly relevant for cancer therapy, where the demand for groundbreaking treatments continues to grow. This review focuses on drug repositioning for ovarian cancer treatment, showcasing a comprehensive exploration grounded in thorough in vitro

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… In mice with MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts, disulfiram notably suppressed tumor growth by 74%. … Furthermore, the combination of disulfiram and Cu, induces disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of HSP27, resulting in its inactivation and rapid detachment of OVCAR-3 cells, an effect not detected with disulfiram alone ( 196 ). …

Cuproptosis Inducers in Cancer Therapy: State of the Art and Challenges.

Cancer continues to be the primary cause of death despite significant progress in medicine, and finding effective therapies remains a challenge. New treatments are needed to minimize the harmful effects on the body and increase the selectivity of drugs. These therapies must also overcome cancer cell resistance and prevent metastasis. Metal-based drugs are becoming increasingly crucial for treating tumors, and copper ion-based systems and nanoparticles have been identified as having unique properties and anticancer potential. Given the key role exerted by Cu in the etiology, severity, and progr

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… Below are some examples: (i) Treatment with the disulfiram–Cu (DSF–Cu) complex induces the activation of ferroptosis in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). … FIGURE 5 Chemical structures of some Cu ionophores: (A) elesclomol, (B) disulfiram, (C) GTSM and ATSM, (D) BSTs and cyclic BSTs, (E) HL, (F) Dp44mT, (G) DpC, (H) triapine, (I) Dp4e4mT, (J) qcpt, (K) NSC319726. © 2026 WILEY‐VCH GmbH Elesclomol ES is one of the most extensively studied Cu ionophores …

Anti-Cancer Stem-like Cell Compounds in Clinical Development - An Overview and Critical Appraisal.

Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) represent a subpopulation of tumor cells with elevated tumor-initiating potential. Upon differentiation, they replenish the bulk of the tumor cell population. Enhanced tumor-forming capacity, resistance to antitumor drugs, and metastasis-forming potential are the hallmark traits of CSCs. Given these properties, it is not surprising that CSCs have become a therapeutic target of prime interest in drug discovery. In fact, over the last few years, an enormous number of articles describing compounds endowed with anti-CSC activities have been published. In the meanwhile,

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… Disulfiram was found to possess antitumor activity in early clinical studies ( 178 ) and, in recent years, to possess anti-CSC activities. Thus, disulfiram inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT and CSC-like features in breast cancer cells ( 179 ). … Regarding the mechanism of action, disulfiram can act as a proteasome inhibitor and this, in turn, inhibits nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB ( 130 ). Moreover, being an irreversible inhibitor of ALDH, disulfiram might also act as an inhibitor of ALDH-positive CSCs ( 129 ). …

Overcoming Drug Resistance in Advanced Prostate Cancer by Drug Repurposing.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. Common treatments include active surveillance, surgery, or radiation. Androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy are usually reserved for advanced disease or biochemical recurrence, such as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but they are not considered curative because PCa cells eventually develop drug resistance. The latter is achieved through various cellular mechanisms that ultimately circumvent the pharmaceutical's mode of action. The need for novel therapeutic approaches is necessary under these circumstances. An

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… For example, disulfiram-mediated acetaldehyde metabolism is a viable therapeutic target for BRCA1/2-deficient cancer cells [ 247 ]. ALDH positive atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor cells also had their metabolism decreased by disulfiram. … Furthermore, because of its ability to block ALDH, disulfiram inhibits formaldehyde oxidation in cancer cells, resulting in cell death [ 248 , 249 ]. In addition, ALDH maintains the stemness of cancer cells, which explains disulfiram’s anticancer action in PCSCs [ 250 , 251 ]. …

Ferroptosis: Frenemy of Radiotherapy.

Recently, it was established that ferroptosis, a type of iron-dependent regulated cell death, plays a prominent role in radiotherapy-triggered cell death. Accordingly, ferroptosis inducers attracted a lot of interest as potential radio-synergizing drugs, ultimately enhancing radioresponses and patient outcomes. Nevertheless, the tumor microenvironment seems to have a major impact on ferroptosis induction. The influence of hypoxic conditions is an area of interest, as it remains the principal hurdle in the field of radiotherapy. In this review, we focus on the implications of hypoxic conditions

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… Disulfiram Disulfiram (DSF), an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, is commonly used in the clinic as Antabuse [ 84 ]. Recently, disulfiram treatment has been linked to novel types of programmed cell death, such as cuproptosis and ferroptosis ( Figure 2 ). … Repositioning Disulfiram as a Radiosensitizer against Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor. Neuro-Oncol. 2017;19:1079–1087. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/now300. 87. Wang R., Shen J., Yan H., Gao X., Dong T., Wang P., Zhou J. The Evolving Role of Disulfiram in Radiobiology and the Treatment of Breast Cancer. …

Drug-Drug Interactions of Cannabidiol with Standard-of-Care Chemotherapeutics.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is an easily accessible and affordable Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) plant derivative with an extensive history of medical use spanning thousands of years. Interest in the therapeutic potential of CBD has increased in recent years, including its anti-tumour properties in various cancer models. In addition to the direct anticancer effects of CBD, preclinical research on numerous cannabinoids, including CBD, has highlighted their potential use in: (i) attenuating chemotherapy-induced adverse effects and (ii) enhancing the efficacy of some anticancer drugs. Therefore, CBD is ga

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… Disulfiram as a Therapeutic Agent for Metastatic Malignant Melanoma-Old Myth or New Logos? Cancers. 2020;12:3538. doi: 10.3390/cancers12123538. 121. University of Utah . A Phase I Study of Disulfiram and Copper Gluconate in Patients with Treatment-Refractory Multiple Myeloma. … Phase II Open Labeled Trial of Disulfiram with Copper in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clinicaltrials.gov; Bethesda, MD, USA: 2021. 123. National Cancer Institute, Slovakia . Phase II Study of Disulfiram and Cisplatin in Refractory TGCT. Clinicaltrials.gov; Bethesda, MD, USA: 2020. 124. …

Drug repurposing in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a breath of fresh air?

Drug repurposing is the use of known drugs for new indications. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. So far, few treatments have been approved in this disease. However, its incidence is expected to increase significantly, particularly in developing countries. Consequently, drug repurposing appears as an attractive strategy for drug development in MPM, since the known pharmacology and safety profile based on previous approvals of repurposed drugs allows for faster time-to-market for patients and lower treatment cost. This is critical in low- and middle-in

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… Disulfiram is a DNA demethylating agent and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth. Prostate 2011; 71: 333–343. 120. Valeriote F, Grates HE. Potentiation of nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity by disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamic acid, and diethylamine in mice. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 6658–6661. 121. … Disulfiram-mediated inhibition of NF-κB activity enhances cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 504–511. 122. Rae C, Tesson M, Babich JW, et al. The role of copper in disulfiram-induced toxicity and radiosensitization of cancer cells. …

Repurposed Drugs in Gastric Cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major causes of death worldwide, ranking as the fifth most incident cancer in 2020 and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. The majority of GC patients are in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, presenting a poor prognosis and outcome. Current GC treatment approaches involve endoscopic detection, gastrectomy and chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in an adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting. Drug development approaches demand extreme effort to identify molecular mechanisms of action of new drug candidates. Drug repurposing is based on the research of

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… Antialcohol Agents Disulfiram is an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase used in alcohol abuse treatment [ 46 , 105 , 106 ]. … Disulfiram suppresses MKN-45 and SGC-7901 GC cell proliferation, and the results showed that it inhibits the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and MMP-2 expression [ 107 ]. …

Alternative Cancer Therapeutics: Unpatentable Compounds and Their Potential in Oncology.

Cancer remains a leading cause of death globally. Cancer patients often seek alternative therapies in addition to, or instead of, conventional treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. The progress in medical advancements and early detection provides more treatment options; however, the development of cancer drugs requires a significant amount of time, demands substantial investments, and results in an overall low percent of regulatory approval. The complex relationship between patent protection and pharmaceutical innovation complicates cancer drug development and contributes to hi

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… Disulfiram is an inhibitor of ALDH, an enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism and also expressed in some cancer cells, particularly in CSCs. Similar to other cancer therapies that target cancer stem cells (CSCs), disulfiram has been found to affect CSCs in various types of cancers. … Disulfiram | Used in the treatment of alcohol dependence, disulfiram has shown potential as an anticancer agent by inhibiting proteasome, leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and inducing cancer cell death. …

Copper overload drives hepatic stellate cell activation via cuproptosis to exacerbate acute liver injury in murine malaria.

BACKGROUND: Acute liver injury, a critical complication of severe malaria, was characterized by hepatocyte death and hepatic stellate cell ( … Pb)-infected C57BL/6 mouse model, we modulated copper homeostasis in vivo with the copper ionophore disulfiram (DSF) and the copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate (TTM). Parasitemia and liver parasite burden were quantified to assess infection severity. Liver injury was systematically evaluated through histopathology, serum alanine transaminase/aspartate aminot …

Drug Repurposing Opportunities in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered one of the deadliest tumors worldwide. The diagnosis is often possible only in the latter stages of the disease, with patients already presenting an advanced or metastatic tumor. It is also one of the cancers with poorest prognosis, presenting a five-year survival rate of around 5%. Treatment of PDAC is still a major challenge, with cytotoxic chemotherapy remaining the basis of systemic therapy. However, no major advances have been made recently, and therapeutic options are limited and highly toxic. Thus, novel therapeutic options are urgen

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… Disulfiram The anticancer activity of disulfiram (DSF), which is used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, has been demonstrated in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies for different types of cancer. … Disulfiram/Cu induced ER stress through activation of the IRE1a-XBP1 pathway in PDAC cell lines, activating autophagy-dependent apoptosis [ 83 ]. Moreover, another study reported that disulfiram/Cu targeted both PDAC stem and non-stem cells when combined with chemotherapy or chemoradiation [ 84 ]. …

Emerging therapeutic strategies in glioblastsoma: drug repurposing, mechanisms of resistance, precision medicine, and technological innovations.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive Grade IV brain tumor with a poor prognosis. It results from genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Traditional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy provide limited survival benefits due to the tumor's heterogeneity and resistance mechanisms. This review examines novel approaches for treating GBM, focusing on repurposing existing medications such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, and statins for their potential anti-GBM effects. Advances in molecular profiling, including next-generation

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… Disulfiram Disulfiram, originally used to treat alcoholism, shows promise as a repurposed therapy for GBM [ 123 ]. It inhibits ALDH, leading to acetaldehyde buildup and alcohol intolerance. … Given its safety profile and BBB penetration, disulfiram is a promising candidate for GBM and potentially pediatric brain tumor treatment, though further research is required. …