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The effect of fornix deep brain stimulation in brain diseases.

Deep brain stimulation is used to alleviate symptoms of neurological and psychiatric disorders including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and obsessive-compulsive-disorder. Electrically stimulating limbic structures has been of great interest, and in particular, the region of the fornix. We conducted a systematic search for studies that reported clinical and preclinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation within the fornix up to July 2019. We identified 13 studies (7 clinical, 6 preclinical) that examined the effects of fornix stimulation in Alzheimer's disease (n = 9), traumatic brain injury (n …

The Hippocratic Doctrine of "the Acute Brain Suffering" as the Brain Stroke.

BACKGROUND: The ancient Greek term "apoplexy" as is repeatedly mentioned by the Hippocratic School of Medicine, included a cluster of diseases, mainly those concerning the central nervous system. The term was wrongfully infiltrated in Western European medicine as synonymous to what is called today a "stroke" of the brain. OBJECTIVE: While in "Corpus Hippocraticum" the definition of the stroke was rather ambiguous; our study aims to unveil those fragments referring to it, in order to compose the Hippocratic theory of what it stood for "Acute Brain Suffering" (Greek: Οξείες Οδύνες του Εγκεφάλου…

Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in disorders of the developing brain.

Disorders of the developing brain represent a major health problem. The neurological manifestations of brain lesions can range from severe clinical deficits to more subtle neurological signs or behavioral problems and learning disabilities, which often become evident many years after the initial damage. These long-term sequelae are due at least in part to central nervous system immaturity at the time of the insult. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain and maintains homeostasis. BBB alterations are observed during both acute and chronic brain insults. After an insult, excitatory ami…

The gut or the brain?--Gastrointestinal misdiagnoses of infantile brain tumors.

PURPOSE: Central nervous system tumors account for the largest number of cancer deaths in childhood. Brain tumors in infants less than 3 years of age are rare; symptoms and signs are often non-specific. Patent anterior fontanelles/unfused cranial sutures in infants can accommodate rising intracranial pressure without acutely compromising the neurological status. We hypothesize that vomiting as the initial symptom, in infants with brain tumors, can possibly lead to extensive gastrointestinal evaluation, delaying the diagnosis of intracranial pathology. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cha…

The possible roles of brain pericytes in brain ischemia and stroke.

Brain pericytes regulate a variety of functions, such as microcirculation, angiogenesis, and the blood brain barrier in the brain. Recent studies have also shown that they are pluripotent in a manner similar to mesenchymal stem cells. Since, brain pericytes actively control these functions, these cells probably play an important role not only during brain ischemia, but also in the post-stroke period.

Reduced brain size and gyrification in the brains of dyslexic patients.

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that affects the way in which a person acquires reading skills. The pathologic substrate of the c … gyrification and preserved cortical thickness can alter the information processing capacity of the brain by providing a greater degree of cortical integration at the expense of a slower response time. The article also emphasizes the contrast between findings in dyslexia and in autism.

Effect of THAM on brain oedema in experimental brain injury.

The metabolic brain acidosis after trauma has been thought to increase brain oedema and contribute to neurologic deterioration. Amelioration of the brain acidosis either by systemic buffering agents or by hyperventilation has been proposed as a method of treatment. The objective of this study was to explore brain oedema and the metabolic changes in brain that occur with the use of hyperventilation. Tromethamine and combination (THAM and hyperventilation) therapy in experimental fluid-percussion brain injury. Brain lactate, brain pH, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ATP were measured by 1H and 31P …

The glucose transporter of the human brain and blood-brain barrier.

We identified and characterized the glucose transporter in the human cerebral cortex, cerebral microvessels, and choroid plexus by specific D-glucose-displaceable [3H]cytochalasin B binding. The binding was saturable, with a dissociation constant less than 1 microM. Maximal binding capacity was approximately 7 pmol/mg protein in the cerebral cortex, approximately 42 pmol/mg protein in brain microvessels, and approximately 27 pmol/mg protein in the choroid plexus. Several hexoses displaced specific [3H]cytochalasin B binding to microvessels in a rank-order that correlated well with their known …

Epigenetic control of transposable elements in brain and brain disorders.

Once considered somewhere between inert ('junk DNA') and parasitic ('selfish genetic elements'), transposable elements (TEs) are increasingl … chanisms, certain tissues and cell types are noted to experience considerable TE transcription. The brain and nervous tissues notably exhibit highly dynamic TE activity, both in response to experience and across the lifespan. Here, we review the current state of research into epigenetic regulation of and by TEs with a focus on the brain. We explore the …

Application of brain ultrasound in premature infants with brain injury.

Brain injury is the main factor affecting the development and prognosis of the nervous system in premature infants. Early diagnosis and treatment are of great significance in reducing mortality and disability and improving the prognosis of premature infants. Craniocerebral ultrasound has become an important medical imaging method for evaluating the brain structure of premature infants due to its advantages of being non-invasive, cheap, simple, and bedside dynamic monitoring since it was applied to neonatal clinical practice. This article reviews the application of brain ultrasound to common br…

Human Brain Lipidomics: Investigation of Formalin Fixed Brains.

Human brain lipidomics have elucidated structural lipids and lipid signal transduction pathways in neurologic diseases. Such studies have traditionally sourced tissue exclusively from brain bank biorepositories, however, limited inventories signal that these facilities may not be able to keep pace with this growing research domain. Formalin fixed, whole body donors willed to academic institutions offer a potential supplemental tissue source, the lipid profiles of which have yet to be described. To determine the potential of these subjects in lipid analysis, the lipid levels of fresh and fixed …

Impact of brain biopsy on management of nonneoplastic brain disease.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnostic yield of brain biopsy in neoplastic brain disease is high and its clinical impact is well established. In nonneoplastic brain disease with negative conventional investigation, decision to undergo invasive procedures is difficult due to its inherent risk and known lower diagnostic yield. Research question: What is the clinical impact of brain biopsy results on management of nonneoplastic brain disease ? MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multidisciplinary team retrospectively reviewed and included all nonneoplastic brain disease cases submitted to biopsy between 2009 and 2019, in…

Mitochondrial Chaperones in the Brain: Safeguarding Brain Health and Metabolism?

The brain orchestrates organ function and regulates whole body metabolism by the concerted action of neurons and glia cells in the central nervous system. To do so, the brain has tremendously high energy consumption and relies mainly on glucose utilization and mitochondrial function in order to exert its function. As a consequence of high rate metabolism, mitochondria in the brain accumulate errors over time, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, reactive oxygen species, and misfolded and aggregated proteins. Thus, mitochondria need to employ specific mechanisms to avoid or ameliorate t…

Барьер мозга в гомеостазе мозга и неврологических заболеваниях.

Эндотелиальные клетки мозга уникальны среди эндотелиальных клеток в том смысле, что они выражают аптические соединенные комплексы, включая узкие соединения, которые весьма похожи на эпителиальные узкие соединения как структурно, так и функционально. Они формируют мозгозащитник (ББД), который строго контролирует обмены между кровью и мозговыми отсеками, ограничивая пассивную диффузию растворов, переносимых через кровь, при активной передаче питательных веществ в мозг. Аккумулирующие экспериментальные и клинические данные свидетельствуют о том, что дисфункции ББД связаны с рядом серьезных заболе

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Brain endothelial cells are unique among endothelial cells in that they express apical junctional complexes, including tight junctions, which quite resemble epithelial tight junctions both structurally and functionally. They form the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) which strictly controls the exchanges between the blood and the brain compartments by limiting passi…

Brain wars: passion and conflict in the localization of vision in the brain.

David Ferrier and Hermann Munk, both pioneers in early brain research, engaged in a running controversy regarding the primary vision center in the brain. Both misinterpreted their experimental observations, but in different ways. Ferrier placed vision in the parietal lobe, Munk in the occipital lobe, However, Munk also felt he had observed a 'psychic blindness' in his animals, which was in reality only a central scotoma or other primary vision defect, and not the impairment of higher visual capacities that he proposed. Munk's concept has been repeatedly cited as the experimental correlate of v…

MRI of the brain in muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease.

Muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease belongs to the spectrum of rare congenital syndromes with migration disorders of the brain and muscular dystrophy, along with the Walker-Warburg syndrome and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. Their features overlap, and differential diagnosis presents some difficulties. We examined the brain of 10 patients with MEB using high-field MRI and found a uniform pattern consisting of a pachygyria-type cortical migration disorder, septal and corpus callosum defects and severe hypoplasia of the pons in 7 of them.

The face-brain relationship: a case of the face not predicting the brain.

An infant with midline facial cleft and a severe brain malformation, not typical of holoprosencephaly, is reported. The CNF abnormalities suggested a malformation in the same category, but distinguishable from the various forms of holoprosencephaly sequence.