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HPV in HIV-Infected Women: Implications for Primary Prevention.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women might have a different human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution in cervical dysplasia specimens as compared to the general population. This has implications for primary prevention. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to obtain preliminary data on the HPV genotypes prevalent in histological samples of HIV-infected women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3/CIS of the cervix in Miami, FL, USA. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected on HIV-infected women referred to the University of Miami-Jackson Me…

[Postmenopausal osteoporosis: Primary prevention or excessive use of medications].

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] Estimate the percentage of excessive use of medicines (bisphosponates, strontium ranelate and raloxifene) in the prevention of fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive study conducted in an urban health centre in Vitoria-Gasteiz. The participants were women aged between 50 and 70, treated during 2010 with some of aforementioned medicines. Out of the 253 women included, three died, two moved, one did not want to sake part, and another one could not be found, leaving 246 participants. It was determinated if the treatment was or not

Carotid artery stenting for primary and secondary stroke prevention.

BACKGROUND: Carotid artery disease is a major cause of the disability and mortality associated with strokes. Ischemic stroke remains the major cause of adult disability and third-leading cause of adult mortality, and carotid revascularization currently remains the principal surgical tool in the prophylaxis of this disease. METHODS: The literature representing the current body of evidence for carotid revascularization and the authors' current practices in the management of this disease are summarized in this review. RESULTS: We provide an evidence-based narration of the development and curren

Aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic disease in Japan.

Atherosclerotic disease is the most prevalent cause of death worldwide. The ratio of coronary heart disease/cerebrovascular disease differs between Japan and Western countries and the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke and gastrointestinal bleeding is higher in Japan. Thus, the threshold for aspirin administration for primary prevention has been controversial in Japan. Much anecdotal data from Western countries and from Japan has implied that the threshold for administering aspirin to those with risk factors for coronary heart disease is higher than that recommended in Western countries, and that…

[Value of coronary artery calcium measurements in primary prevention].

Frequently, myocardial infarction or sudden coronary death are the index manifestations of coronary artery disease. In view of the high out-of-hospital mortality of acute myocardial infarction, medical care is unable to provide a benefit for many patients. Against this background, it is an important aim of measuring coronary calcium to identify asymptomatic subjects with an increased coronary risk who are likely to derive a benefit from risk-modifying therapy. Coronary calcium is a largely specific expression of coronary atherosclerosis and is correlated with overall coronary plaque volume. Du

[Selected risk factors and primary prevention of colorectal cancer].

Incidence rates of colorectal cancer vary around 20-fold between industrialized and developing countries. Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers and very important public health problem in the Western world. Each year about 7000 patients in Poland die from colorectal cancer. Most cases of this cancer are possibly related to lifestyle or environmental factors. It is estimated that about 13% of colorectal cancer is attributable to low physical activity, 12% to diet and about 10-15% to genetic susceptibility. The aim of this work was to analyze the relationship between diet, physical acti

Exercise in the primary prevention of coronary artery disease.

Since the 1950s there has been a steady accumulation of data from observational studies and clinical trials identifying a lack of physical activity, either in the industrial or leisure setting, as an independent major risk factor for coronary artery disease, with a similar relative risk as smoking, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. More recently, poor cardiorespiratory fitness has also been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular mortality significantly. Regular exercise is now known to have beneficial effects on peripheral and central circulation, skeletal muscle and myocardium, as

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses.

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programme conducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over 1,000 emplo … count it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importance of worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease. Training materials such as video and poster presentations may be effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry as an adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substances hazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be us …

[The methodological aspects of primary prevention in spinal osteochondrosis].

The paper presents the conception of primary prophylaxis of a prevalent disease--spinal osteochondrosis. The conception rests primarily on the main spinal functions and implies training of nonspecific resistance mechanisms under the conditions of present-day mode of life.

Primary care physicians' assessment and prevention of HIV infection.

The degree and depth to which primary care physicians counsel patients at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major concern. To determine which factors influence whether physicians counsel patients at risk for HIV, primary care physicians's clinical experience, knowledge, attitudes, and preventive counseling advice in hypothetical case scenarios were assessed. Ninety-nine adult primary care physicians in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area were interviewed by telephone from May through November 1987. Ninety-one physicians had tested or referred patients for HIV antib

Rabies prevention in primary care. A four-step approach.

Although most physicians in the United States have not seen a person with rabies, the primary care physician is often confronted with a patient who has been bitten by an animal capable of transmitting rabies virus. Rabies is almost always transmitted by a bite; licks and other nonbite exposures hardly ever cause the disease. The control of rabies in domestic animals has greatly reduced the risk of human disease following the bite of a dog or cat, but rabies in wild animals (especially skunks and raccoons) remains a constant threat. By obtaining epidemiologic information about animal rabies in

Aspirin in Primary Prevention: A Case for Selective Use.

Low-dose aspirin has a well-established role in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but use in primary prevention remains uncommon due to limited evidence of benefit and risk of adverse effects such as bleeding. While benefit of aspirin in primary prevention may not outweigh risk in the general population, it may still be appropriate for particular groups in which benefit would be greater. Novel biomarkers for cardiovascular risk can help identify these groups. These include imaging markers such as coronary artery calcium scoring and carotid plaque assessment, and laboratory marker…

[Guideline for primary prevention of osteoporotic fractures (2026 edition)].

Osteoporotic fractures represent the most severe complication of osteoporosis, characterized by high incidence, high rates of missed diagnos … sis Committee of Chinese Aging Well Association, has initiated the development of the guideline for primary prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Key clinical issues of greatest concern to healthcare professionals were identified, including: identification of populations at high risk for osteoporotic fracture and fracture risk assessment; education and guidance for …

Prevention and Management of Viral Hepatitis in Primary Care.

The primary care clinician can play a substantial role in the management and prevention of viral hepatitis infections, which cause a substantial burden of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis worldwide and in the US. One-time hepatitis B and C virus testing is now recommended as part of universal adult screening measures, and more frequently based on risk factors. Immunization strategies for hepatitis A and B have also been updated, with a new adjuvanted, conjugated hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-CpG) that provides greater efficacy than older vaccines. Management of hepatitis B and C has been str

Primary graft dysfunction prevention strategies in the perioperative period.

BACKGROUND: Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) remains a leading cause of early morbidity and mortality after heart and lung transplantation. It results from a multifactorial process involving ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory and immune responses, and donor-, recipient-, and procedural factors. Despite advances in perioperative management, PGD continues to adversely affect both short- and long-term transplant outcomes. METHODS: This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence and consensus recommendations from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) a

Secondary fracture prevention in primary care: a narrative review.

The global burden of osteoporosis continues to rise with an ageing population. Untreated osteoporotic fractures not only heighten the risk of subsequent fractures but are associated with excess mortality. Although primary care guidelines consistently stress the importance of secondary fracture prevention, fewer than 20% of patients are appropriately treated for osteoporosis following an initial osteoporotic fracture. This worldwide phenomenon is known as the osteoporosis care gap. This literature review examines the barriers to secondary fracture prevention in primary care and evaluates the ef

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… prevention subgroup) or femoral neck or clinical vertebral fracture (secondary prevention subgroup) Current osteoporosis treatment, traumatic fracture | Pre-intervention group (unclear number): ▪ No physician alert notification Intervention group ( n = 21,070): ▪ EMR alert to PCP, endocrinologist or … Improvement in treatment initiation rates in the secondary prevention group were higher than the primary prevention group, and the authors postulated that ‘push alerts’ appear more useful in this setting, where fractures diagnosed in hospital settings are often missed during PCP review. …

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.

Cytomegalovirus infection is the most common congenital infection, affecting about 1% of births worldwide. Several primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies are already available during the prenatal period to help mitigate the immediate and long-term consequences of this infection. In this review, we aim to present and assess the efficacy of these strategies, including educating pregnant women and women of childbearing age on their knowledge of hygiene measures, development of vaccines, screening for cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy (systematic versus targeted), prenatal

Skin cancer: Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Part I.

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Understanding the natural history of skin cancer provides the framework for the creation of prevention and control strategies that aim to reduce the skin cancer burden. Based on the target (individual vs population), disease stage, and risk factors (modifiable vs nonmodifiable), strategies can be categorized into 4 levels-health promotion (also known as primordial prevention), primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. This is the first of a 2-part review, which will cover the epidemiology, risk factors, primo…

Statins for primary prevention among elderly men and women.

AIMS: We undertook a propensity match-weighted cohort study to investigate whether statin treatment recommendations for statins translate into improved cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in the current routine clinical care of the elderly. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included in our analysis (ISACS Archives -NCT04008173) a total of 5619 Caucasian patients with no known prior history of CV disease who presented to hospital with a first manifestation of CV disease with age of 65 years or older. The risk of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was much lower in statin users than in non-users