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Determining the cutoff based on a continuous variable to define two populations with application to vaccines.

In clinical research, it is sometimes desirable to dichotomize a continuous variable so that the information expressed using a dichotomous variable is more straightforward for clinicians to interpret and communicate with patients. The distribution of the continuous variable can differ between two populations defined by a disease case status. Under such a scenario, the dichotomization process can be based on distributions of the continuous variable in two distinct populations. The resulting dichotomous variable can be used as an endpoint in future studies. Even though dichotomization has not be

Epidemiology and impact of varicella vaccination: a longitudinal study 1994-2011.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the epidemiology of varicella infection and the impact of vaccination in a population in Eastern Saudi Arabia. METHODS: All reported cases of varicella infection from 1994 to 2011 were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 19,577 patients with varicella were reported during the study period, and 8869 were female and 10,248 were male, with a male to female ratio of 1.15:1. Most of the cases were reported in patients between one to four year of age (n = 5625; 29.4%) and five to nine years of age (n = 6614; 34.6%) years of age. The highest numbers of cases were reported i

Varicella vaccines.

BACKGROUND: Varicella zoster virus infection (VZV) is widespread and clinically important as the cause of varicella pneumonitis and meningoencephalitis (a complication of primary infection/zoster) and post-herpetic neuralgia (a complication of zoster/secondary infection). The use of live-attenuated varicella vaccine to reduce the burden of these diseases has been established in many countries for a number of years. SOURCES OF DATA: Original papers and review articles including guidelines and recommendations by the American Academy of Paediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, the Advisory

Prevention of congenital rubella and congenital varicella in Europe.

Despite the availability of safe and efficacious vaccines, cases of congenital rubella and varicella syndrome still occur in Europe. As of 2004, several countries had high proportions of women of childbearing age that were susceptible to rubella and varicella virus infection.

[A live attenuated varicella vaccine].

The vaccine virus was isolated from a vesicle of a 3-year-old otherwise healthy boy called Oka (his family name) who had typical varicella. This virus was passaged through human embryonic lung cells, guinea pig embryonic cells at a low temperature, and human diploid cells (WI-38). It was then adapted to MRC-5 human diploid cells for vaccine preparation. The vaccine contains cell-free virus with a minimum of 1000 plaque forming units per dose and suitable stabilizers. In 1974 the vaccine was administered to hospitalized children immediately after the occurrence of an index varicella case becaus

Susceptibility to varicella in childbearing age women, Central Italy: is there a need for vaccinating this population group?

We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies in childbearing age women aged 17-42 years. Sera were collected in Central Italy in years 2001-2002 and were tested by a commercial VZV IgG enzyme immunoassay. Overall VZV seroprevalence was 80.9% and it showed a significant increase by age, confirming a considerable circulation of VZV also in the older age groups not commonly considered at high risk. This study further supports the importance of vaccinating susceptible adolescents and women of childbearing age in order to reduce both maternal and fo

Consensus: varicella vaccination of healthy children--a challenge for Europe.

The seriousness of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection as a public health issue is becoming clearer as country-specific epidemiologic and pharmacoeconomic data become available. In Germany, for example, studies have shown that >5.5% of immunologically healthy individuals develop varicella-related complications such as bacterial superinfections, acute neurologic disorders, pneumonia, bronchitis and otitis media; whereas in Italy, 3.5 to 5% of childhood cases of varicella cause complications such as upper respiratory tract and cutaneous infections. Varicella vaccines are now available. These

Simultaneous administration of varicella vaccine and other recommended childhood vaccines--United States, 1995-1999.

Live attenuated varicella vaccine (Var) is recommended in the United States for children aged 12-18 months and for susceptible older children, adolescents, and adults. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that Var be administered either simultaneously with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine or separately by > or =30 days. This report summarizes an evaluation of these recommendations, which found that a decrease in Var effectiveness occurred when Var was administered <30 days after MMR; therefore, as currently recommended, physicians should administer Var simultaneously

Analysis: Flawed Datasets of Monkeypox Skin Images.

The self-proclaimed first publicly available dataset of Monkeypox skin images consists of medically irrelevant images extracted from Google … rnals. Several of these works claimed extraordinary performance in the classification of Monkeypox, Chickenpox and Measles, employing ML and the aforementioned dataset. In this work, we analyse the initiator work that has catalysed the development of several ML solutions, and whose popularity is continuing to grow. Further, we provide a rebuttal experiment t …

Reactivation of Herpes Zoster in a Young Patient With Multiple Sclerosis Under Dimethyl Fumarate Treatment and Normal Lymphocyte Subsets Count: A Case Report.

Herpes zoster (HZ) infection results from the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which remains dormant in the dorsal root ganglia after an initial chickenpox infection. Although HZ appears more common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) than expected in the general population, few studies have investigated this association, particularly with a normal absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). Additionally, no reported cases have discussed the clinical presentation of such patients. This report describes the case of a 26-year-old female with a known history of relapsing-remitting MS on …

Биология оплодотворения вируса Варичеллы-Зостер в коже.

Репликация вируса варицелла-зостера (VZV) в коже имеет решающее значение для его патогенеза и распространения. Первичная инфекция вызывает ветряную ось, которая характеризуется централизованно распределенными волдырями кожи, богатыми инфекционными вирусами. Вирус, свободный от клеток, в резиновых вспышках, не только распространяется, чтобы вызвать новые случаи, но и заражает сенсорные нервные концы, что приводит к установлению пожизненной запоздалости в сенсорной и автономной ганглии. Возрождение вируса, чтобы вызвать герпес-зостер, опять же характеризуется локализованным болезненным волчанием

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The replication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in skin is critical to its pathogenesis and spread. Primary infection causes chickenpox, which is characterised by centrally distributed skin blistering lesions that are rich in infectious virus. Cell-free virus in the cutaneous blistering lesions not only spreads to cause further cases, but infects sensory ner…

[Understanding of Smallpox in Ancient China].

Smallpox was believed afferent before the Sui Dynasty. Some relatively accurate descriptions about smallpox were found in the Sui and Tang D … n theory. This means that ancient Chinese physicians were able to distinguish the differences among chickenpox, measles and smallpox at that time. The exogenous theory of fetal poison became the mainstream in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Smallpox, therefore, was confirmed not to be re-infected after once infection, and was specifically described with the sym …

Possible European Origin of Circulating Varicella Zoster Virus Strains.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. The geographic distribution of VZV clades was taken as evidence that VZV migrated out of Africa with human populations. We show that extant VZV strains most likely originated in Europe and not in Africa. Europe was also identified as the ancestral location for most internal nodes of the VZV phylogeny, including the ancestor of clade 5 strains. We also show that strains from clades 1, 2, 3, and 5 derived a major proportion of their ancestry from each of 4 ancestral populations. Conversely, viruses from other clades …

Varicella Related Hospital Admissions in Ireland.

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in admissions for patients with primary varicella infection in Irish hospitals. Methods The … s due to streptococcal infection and cellulitis significantly increased over the period. Conclusion Chickenpox places a consistent burden on Irish healthcare, accounting for in excess of 1100 acute and 160 intensivecare bed days annually. This study adds weight to the argument that universal varicella vaccine should be considered and provides baseline epidem …

Molecular Aspects of Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency.

Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection causes varicella (chickenpox) and the establishment of a lifelong latent infection in ganglionic neurons. VZV reactivates in about one-third of infected individuals to cause herpes zoster, often accompanied by neurological complications. The restricted host range of VZV and, until recently, a lack of suitable in vitro models have seriously hampered molecular studies of VZV latency. Nevertheless, recent technological advances facilitated a series of exciting studies that resulted in the discovery of a VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT) and pro…

[Vaccination before and during pregnancy].

Vaccination of pregnant women is designed to protect the mother and the fetus from preventable diseases through vaccination. Authorized vacc … litis, cholera during the pregnancy. Vaccines to be done at distance of pregnancy are those against chickenpox, rubella, measles and mumps for unprotected women, as well as the vaccine against HPV, BCG, yellow fever and smallpox. In conclusion, only influenza vaccines and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis showed a safe profile during pregnancy. Other vaccines sho …

Insights into the function of tegument proteins from the varicella zoster virus.

Chickenpox (varicella) is caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV), which can establish long-term latency in the host ganglion. Once reactivated, the virus can cause shingles (zoster) in the host. VZV has a typical herpesvirus virion structure consisting of an inner DNA core, a capsid, a tegument, and an outer envelope. The tegument is an amorphous layer enclosed between the nucleocapsid and the envelope, which contains a variety of proteins. However, the types and functions of VZV tegument proteins have not yet been completely determined. In this review, we describe the c…