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Recent advances in adoptive cell therapy for cancer immunotherapy.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT), a key direction in tumor immunotherapy, has achieved remarkable progress in recent years. This paper systematically reviews the current status and future trends of ACT, covering lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK), dendritic cells (DC), T cell receptor-modified T cells (TCR-T), chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), natural killer (NK) cells, chimeric antigen receptor-modified NK cells (CAR-NK), and the emerging CAR-M. The paper focuses on emerging technological approaches, including

Developments in nanotechnology approaches for the treatment of solid tumors.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer therapy by introducing advanced drug delivery systems that enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing adverse effects. By leveraging various nanoparticle platforms-including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles-researchers have improved drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Additionally, new nanodevices are being engineered to respond to specific physiological conditions like temperature and pH variations, enabling controlled drug release and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Beyond drug delivery, nanotechnology pla

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… PEG forms a hydrophilic and sterically repulsive layer that reduces protein adsorption (opsonization), a mechanism by which nanoparticles are marked for clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system, particularly macrophages in the liver and spleen [ 30 ]. …

Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment-Connecting the Dots.

Iron metabolism and tumor biology are intimately linked. Iron facilitates the production of oxygen radicals, which may either result in iron-induced cell death, ferroptosis, or contribute to mutagenicity and malignant transformation. Once transformed, malignant cells require high amounts of iron for proliferation. In addition, iron has multiple regulatory effects on the immune system, thus affecting tumor surveillance by immune cells. For these reasons, inconsiderate iron supplementation in cancer patients has the potential of worsening disease course and outcome. On the other hand, chronic im

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… Increased iron uptake into myeloid cells along with reduced iron export result in iron storage and sequestration in the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Iron accumulation in the MPS may affect innate immunity in either direction. …

Advanced biomaterial-based approaches for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a debilitating adverse effect linked to anti-resorptive and anti-angiogenic therapies, with an incidence of 4.34 % (6.22 % in oncology patients and 0.59 % in osteoporosis patients) based on a pooled analysis of 92 observational studies (2015-2020), characterized by persistent bone exposure and poor healing. Conventional treatment modalities often yield suboptimal outcomes, with recurrence and procedural morbidity. In recent years, biomaterial-based strategies have emerged as promising alternatives by targeting MRONJ's complex pathophysiolo

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… The clinical translation of systemic nanoparticle administration for MRONJ treatment necessitates rigorous evaluation of immunotoxicity and mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) interactions [ 207 ]. … phagocyte system (MPS) and long-term organ toxicity, to de-risk clinical translation. …

Наномедицина - мощная терапия CAR-T для множественной миеломы: к программируемой, долговременной и точной иммунотерапии.

Множественная миелома (ММ) по-прежнему является трудновыполнимой гематологией. Несмотря на то, что терапия против созревания клеток B (BCMA), ориентированная на химерик антигенный рецептор Т-клектор (CAR-T), существенно углубила клиническую реакцию у пациентов с рецидивом/переносом MM, ее более широкое клиническое применение по-прежнему сдерживается рецидивом после лечения, недостаточной устойчивостью реакции, длительными сроками производства и ограниченной доступностью. Растущие данные свидетельствуют о том, что рецидив после лечения CAR-T в MM происходит не из одного механизма, а из конверге

The Role of the Immune Response in the Development of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse drug effect. There are multiple hypotheses to explain the development of MRONJ. Reduced bone remodeling and infection or inflammation are considered central to the pathogenesis of MRONJ. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that bisphosphonates (BPs)-mediated immunity dysfunction is associated with the pathophysiology of MRONJ. In a healthy state, mucosal immunity provides the first line of protection against pathogens and oral mucosal immune cells defense against potentially invading pathogens by media

Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Preleukemic and Leukemic Stem Cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare subset of bone marrow cells that usually exist in a quiescent state, only entering the cell cycle to replenish the blood compartment, thereby limiting the potential for errors in replication. Inflammatory signals that are released in response to environmental stressors, such as infection, trigger active cycling of HSCs. These inflammatory signals can also directly induce HSCs to release cytokines into the bone marrow environment, promoting myeloid differentiation. After stress myelopoiesis is triggered, HSCs require intracellular signaling programs to

Тип 1 Диабет и многоразовый склероз делятся общей генной переменой автономного иммунитета.

Справочная информация/цели: тип 1 диабет (T1D) и множественный склероз (MS) являются аутоиммунными, многофакторными, специфическими для органов расстройствами, обусловленными иммунными клетками. Их соучастие отчасти объясняется общими генетическими и экологическими факторами. Мы стремились расчленить общую генетическую архитектуру между T1D и MS с использованием крупномасштабных исследований по общегеномной ассоциации (GWAS) и анализа совместной локализации. Методы: Мы применили Байесовскую систему совместной локализации к two Крупномасштабные наборы данных GWAS: исследование T1D, включающее 1

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells as a Novel Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are multifaceted immune cells with a wide range of innate and adaptive immunological functions. They constitute the first line of defence against multiple viral infections and have also been reported to actively participate in antitumor immune responses. The clinical implication of the presence of pDCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is still ambiguous, but it is clear that pDCs possess the ability to modulate tumor-specific T cell responses and direct cytotoxic functions. Therapeutic strategies designed to exploit these qualities of pDCs to boost tumor-

Nanogel-Based Precision Bone Regeneration: Rational Design, Biological Barrier Penetration, and Osteoporotic Microenvironment Remodeling.

The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is primarily associated with impaired communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, leading to disrupted bone homeostasis. Conventional biomaterials mainly rely on macroscopic structural support and are limited in their ability to precisely regulate the complex bone microenvironment and overcome biological barriers. As representative soft matter nanoplatforms, nanogels possess unique viscoelastic mechanical properties and adaptive biointerfacial properties, offering new opportunities to overcome physical barriers within bone tissues. Moving beyond previous

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… However, it can also mask the original ligands and alter the in vivo distribution pathway. 18 In an immune-active bone microenvironment, an increased proportion of opsonins can enhance clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system. … Zwitterionic polymers can form a highly hydrated layer that reduces nonspecific adsorption of opsonins and decreases clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system. …

Bioabsorbable polymers in cancer therapy: latest developments.

Cancer is a devastating disease, being responsible for 13 % of all deaths worldwide. One of the main challenges in treating cancer concerns the fact that anti-cancer drugs are not highly specific for the cancer cells and the "death" of healthy cells in the course of chemotherapy treatment is inevitable. In this sense, the use of drug delivery systems (DDS) can be seen as a powerful tool to minimize or overcome this very important issue. DDS can be designed to target specific tissues in order to mitigate side effects. Bioabsorbable polymers, due to their inherent characteristics, and because th

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… Regarding the size, it is commonly accepted that the nanocarriers should not exceed the 400 nm to escape from the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and be able to achieve extravasation into tumors by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which is more effective for nanocarriers with … phagocyte system magnetic resonance imaging oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) poly(2-ethylbutoxy phospholane)- b -poly(2-butynylphospholane)- g -poly(ethylene glycol) poly(ɛ-caprolactone) poly(D-lactic acid) poly(D,L-lactic acid) poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate …

Иммунофенотифицирование крови пациентов с множественным склерозом в диагнозе указывает на классическую подгруппу моноцитов, связанную с эволюцией болезней.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Торговля миелоидными клетками с периферии в центральную нервную систему является ключевым фактором в многократном склерозе (МС) посредством представления антигенов, секреции цитокинов и процессов ремонта. МЕТОДЫ: Комбинация массовой цитометрии на кровяных клетках от 60 пациентов, проходящих диагностику, и 29 здоровых методов контроля, а также секвенирование с одной клеткой РНК на спаренных образцах крови и цереброспинной жидкости (CSF), взятых из 5 пациентов с миэлоидными клетками. Результаты: Исследование отсека Myeloid показало обогащение специфической классической популяции моноци

Impact of germline predisposition genes to hematologic malignancies on transplant outcomes and donor selection.

INTRODUCTION: Germline predisposition gene mutations may influence outcomes in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS: This retrospective study of 558 patients undergoing HSCT (allo-HSCT in 557 cases, auto-HSCT in 1 case) evaluated the impact of germline predisposition gene mutations on outcomes. RESULTS: Enrichment of HAVCR2 mutations in B-NHL and UNC13D mutations in MDS was associated with poorer prognosis. While homozygous mutation carriers (7.5%) overall did not have reduced survival, their outcomes were significantly better with unrelated versus rela

Nanoparticle-based strategy in CAR-T cell immunotherapy: challenges, implications, and perspectives.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved remarkable progress in treating hematologic malignancies, yet its broader application faces challenges such as manufacturing complexity, solid tumor microenvironment barriers, and immune toxicity. Nanoparticles (NPs), leveraging their precise delivery, immunomodulation, and multifunctional integration capabilities, offer innovative strategies to optimize CAR-T cell therapy. This review provides a comprehensive elucidation of the fundamental framework of CAR-T cell therapy and the challenges in oncological applications. Subsequently, w

A distinct CAR-T cell phenotype mediates therapeutic response at limited doses.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies are typically administered at high doses to maximize durable clinical responses. However, manufacturing constraints can limit the production of sufficient cells to achieve the intended dose. Although some patients experience durable responses after receiving lower CAR-T cell doses, the mechanisms underlying efficacy at these limited cell numbers remain poorly understood. To address this, we performed deep phenotyping of anti-CD19 CAR-T cell products and their corresponding leukapheresis starting materials from a phase I/II dose-escalation trial.

Cytokine release syndrome and associated neurotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy.

A paradigm shift has recently occurred in the field of cancer therapeutics. Traditional anticancer agents, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and small-molecule drugs targeting specific signalling pathways, have been joined by cellular immunotherapies based on T cell engineering. The rapid adoption of novel, patient-specific cellular therapies builds on scientific developments in tumour immunology, genetic engineering and cell manufacturing, best illustrated by the curative potential of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting CD19-expressing malignancies. However, the clinical

A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Nifuroxazide in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic potential of nifuroxazide in colitis has been explored in several experimental studies of ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of nifuroxazide in patients with UC. METHODS: Fifty patients with mild to moderate UC were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 25 each). The placebo group received a placebo alongside mesalamine (1 g three times daily [t.i.d.]) for six months. The nifuroxazide group received nifuroxazide (200 mg twice daily) in combination with mesalamine (1 g t.i.d). A gastroenterologist assessed disease severity using the partial May

Novel Therapies to Address Unmet Needs in ITP.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that causes low platelet counts and subsequent bleeding risk. Although current corticosteroid-based ITP therapies are able to improve platelet counts, up to 70% of subjects with an ITP diagnosis do not achieve a sustained clinical response in the absence of treatment, thus requiring a second-line therapy option as well as additional care to prevent bleeding. Less than 40% of patients treated with thrombopoietin analogs, 60% of those treated with splenectomy, and 20% or fewer of those treated with rituximab or fostamatinib reach su

Future perspectives in melanoma research : Meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge". Napoli, December 1st-4th 2015.

The sixth "Melanoma Bridge Meeting" took place in Naples, Italy, December 1st-4th, 2015. The four sessions at this meeting were focused on: (1) molecular and immune advances; (2) combination therapies; (3) news in immunotherapy; and 4) tumor microenvironment and biomarkers. Recent advances in tumor biology and immunology has led to the development of new targeted and immunotherapeutic agents that prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients. Immunotherapies in particular have emerged as highly successful approaches to treat patients with cancer including

Множественный склероз: то, что мы узнали и можем узнать из электронной микроскопии.

Множественный склероз (MS) — воспалительное нейродегенеративное заболевание, характеризующееся возникновением демиелинированных повреждений в центральной нервной системе. Повреждения MS могут подвергаться воспоминанию, временно смягчая симптомы, но по мере развития болезни воспроизводство становится менее эффективным. Помимо повреждений, нормальные появляющиеся ткани мозга имеют тонкие изменения, потенциально указывающие на более широкую диффузную патологию и/или повышенную подверженность воздействию повреждений. Патология MS варьируется между повреждениями серых и белых веществ и их нормальны