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Nurse-led school-based clinics for skin infections and rheumatic fever prevention: results from a pilot study in South Auckland.

AIM: To assess the acceptability and feasibility of delivering targeted primary health care in a decile one primary school setting. METHOD: A pilot public health nurse (PHN)-led clinic was set up in a South Auckland primary school (roll approximately 400). The clinic was based on a previous sore throat clinic model with modifications aimed at improving programme feasibility and effectiveness. The timely identification and treatment of Group A Streptococcal (GAS) throat infections to prevent rheumatic fever (RF), and the prevention and treatment of four skin infections (cellulitis, impetigo, i

Overdiagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America.

BACKGROUND: Lay personnel and many health care workers in the United States believe that head louse infestations caused by Pediculus capitis are exceedingly transmissible and that infested children readily infest others. Schoolchildren therefore frequently become ostracized and remain so until no signs of their presumed infestations are evident. Repeated applications of pediculicidal product and chronic school absenteeism frequently result. METHODS: To determine how frequently louse-related exclusions from schools and applications of pediculicidal therapeutic regimens might be inappropriate,

Control of ixodid ticks and prevention of tick-borne diseases in the United States: The prospect of a new Lyme disease vaccine and the continuing problem with tick exposure on residential properties.

In the United States, exposure to human-biting ixodid ticks can occur while spending time on residential properties or in neighborhood green … e vaccine does not result in reduced use of tick-bite prevention measures, such as tick repellents, permethrin-treated clothing, and frequent tick checks. Another key issue is the continuing problem with tick exposure on residential properties, which represents a heavily used outdoor environment the residents cannot reasonably avoid and where they tend to sp …

Signatures of selection and mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Ugandan Anopheles funestus: Insights from embedding translational genomics into the LLINEUP cluster randomised trial.

In response to the emerging threat of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors, insecticides are being repurposed for vector control or dev … O-mannosyl-transferase (TMC-like) (≅ 67.9Mb on 3RL) that showed signals of selection. Known DDT and permethrin resistance-associated variants at the Gste2 locus, L119F and L119V, were also identified. Over the trial period, changes in haplotype frequencies were observed in regions under selection, with more pronounced shifts in the PBO arm. Notably, there we …

Impact of Insecticide Resistance on P. falciparum Vectors' Biting, Feeding, and Resting Behaviour in Selected Clusters in Teso North and South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya.

INTRODUCTION: Behavioural resistance to insecticides restrains the efficacy of vector control tools against mosquito-transmitted diseases. The current study is aimed at determining the impact of insecticide resistance on major malaria vectors' biting, feeding, and resting behaviour in areas with and areas without insecticide resistance in Teso North and Teso South, Busia County, Western Kenya. METHODS: Mosquito larvae were sampled using a dipper, reared into 3-5-day-old female mosquitoes [4944] which were exposed to 0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin using World Health Organization tube …

Is a Good Sleep on Mosquito-Free Nights Worth the Risk of Lymphoma Associated with the Use of Household Insecticides? A Case-Control Study of Lymphoma Subtypes in Adults.

BackgroundThe evidence linking the use of household pesticides and the risk of lymphoma is scanty.MethodsWe explored the hypothesis in a population-based case-control study on lymphoma conducted in Sardinia, Italy, in 1998-2004, including 325 cases and 465 population controls and data on lifetime frequency, seasonality, and years of use of household insecticides and potential confounders. We calculated the risk of lymphoma (all subtypes) and its major subtypes associated with using household insecticides in three time windows (up to 1978, from 1979-2001, and 2002 onwards) with unconditional lo

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… The IARC Monograph Programme evaluated permethrin and deltamethrin, two major pyrethroid insecticides [ 41 ]. For both, the final evaluation was “not classifiable as for human carcinogenicity”. … Also, use of permethrin did not convey an increase in mortality from neoplasms of the haemolymphatic tissue in the Agricultural Health study [ 42 ]. None of the other pyrethroids has shown an association with risk of NHL or any other cancer. …

Field evaluation of liquid fraction of digestates from different feedstocks on soil properties, water productivity, maize yield and economic performance.

The sustainable management of livestock and plant residues is a key challenge in modern agriculture, and the recycling of organic wastes thr … ppropriate hygienization prior to agricultural use. Additionally, certain pesticide residues (e.g., permethrin) and high EC in digestate A highlight the importance of dose optimization and monitoring. Although no significant increases in exchangeable Na or potentially toxic metals were observed during the two-year field experiment, the long-term environmenta …

Force Protection Risks in AFRICOM, INDOPACOM and SOUTHCOM Due to Rapid Diagnostic Test Failures for Falciparum Malaria, 2016-2022.

Malaria, caused by various species of the Plasmodium parasite, remains a significant health threat in most U.S. military regions-AFRICOM, CE … military force health protection (FHP) measures for preventing malaria, including chemoprophylaxis, permethrin-treated uniforms, and DEET application to exposed skin, are effective, but breakthrough infections still occur. The use of portable and user-friendly malaria diagnostics is necessary in remote locations that lack microscopy or nucleic acid-based dia …

First report of the pyrethroid-resistance-associated V1016I mutation in Aedes aegypti at the seaport of Cotonou, Benin, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring insecticide resistance in disease vectors is a key strategy to anticipate emerging and re-emerging diseases, particul … 24. Standard WHO susceptibility tube tests were performed using several insecticides: deltamethrin, permethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin (pyrethroids), bendiocarb (carbamate), and pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate). The potential role of metabolic resistance mechanisms was investigated through synergist assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO). In addition, mole …

Prevalence of Lyme Disease Attributable to Military Service at the USMA, West Point NY: FY2016-2018.

INTRODUCTION: Lyme disease incidence rates have steadily increased since its official recognition in 1975. Since exposure to Lyme is associa … ould attempt to identify all the service member protective factors against Lyme with attribution to permethrin-treated uniforms and other military interventions designed to defend soldiers against vector-borne diseases.

Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted to determine multiple pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using a quick, simple, inexpensive, an … esticides, kresoxim-methyl (9.2 +/- 3.2 ng/g) and cyprodinil (112 +/- 18) were found in the grapes; permethrins (112 +/- 41), lamda-cyhalothrin (58 +/- 11), and imidacloprid (12 +/- 2) were determined in the lettuces; and ethion (198 +/- 36), thiabendazole (53 +/- 8), and imazalil (13 +/- 4) were determined in the oranges. Chlorpyrifosmethyl (200 ng/g) was u …

Biological monitoring of workers after the application of insecticidal pyrethroids.

OBJECTIVES: Pyrethroids are applied as insecticides throughout the world. Human metabolism of pyrethroids results in urinary metabolites that are suitable for biological monitoring. The aim of the study was to evaluate individual exposure due to occupational application of pyrethroids as a precondition for the assessment of health risks. METHODS: Thirty-six workers who applied insecticides and other pesticides in Germany collected samples of their urine (24 h) after having used various pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, tau-fluvalinate, permethrin, lambda…

Otophyma: a case report and review of the literature of lymphedema (elephantiasis) of the ear.

Phymas (swellings, masses, or bulbs) are considered the end-stage of rosacea and mostly affect the nose (rhinophyma), and rarely involve the chin (gnatophyma), the cheek (metophyma), eyelids (blepharophyma), or ears (otophyma). Herein, we report the case of a 57-year-old man who developed unilateral enlargement of his left ear over 2 years. Biopsy revealed changes of rosaceous lymphedema associated with Demodex infestation. Corticosteroid and minocycline therapies resulted in partial reduction of the ear enlargement. Literature review examining for cases of lymphedema (elephantiasis) of the ea

A Case Report of Sebaceous Filaments.

This report details a case of a 16-year-old African American girl who presented with a two-year history of white spicules on her face without associated symptoms, including pruritus or pain. On physical examination, there were many 1-2 mm discreet white to yellow filamentous spicules on the mid and lower face. Histopathology scrapings showed cornified cells and calcification consistent with sebaceous filaments. Sebaceous filaments are a rare condition that presents as white-to-yellow spicules distributed in highly sebaceous areas on the face. It is caused by sebum accumulation and cornified ke

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… Treatment includes topical metronidazole, topical ivermectin, permethrin, and benzoyl benzoate [ 8 ]. Follicular hyperkeratotic spicules are a rare disorder usually associated with underlying multiple myeloma and present as hyperkeratotic spicules on the face [ 10 ]. The diagnosis is clinical. …

Insecticide resistance and its intensity in urban Anopheles arabiensis in Kisumu City, Western Kenya: Implications for malaria control in urban areas.

BACKGROUND: The rise of insecticide resistance poses a growing challenge to the effectiveness of vector control tools, particularly in rural … om 41.4% to 78.8% in urban, 43.7% to 90.7% in peri-urban, and 35% to 84.2% in rural populations for permethrin. In contrast, 100% mortality to chlorfenapyr and clothianidin was observed in all the populations tested. The prevalence of L1014F mutation was notably higher in urban An. arabiensis (0.22) unlike the peri-urban (0.11) and rural (0.14) populations w …

Double-dose azithromycin mass drug administration, facial cleanliness, and fly control measures for trachoma control in Oromia, Ethiopia (Stronger SAFE): a cluster-randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Trachoma is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. WHO recommends the SAFE strategy for trachoma elimination: surgery fo … ine construction and facial hygiene, whereas enhanced F and E used additional fly control measures (permethrin-treated headwear [PTH] and odour-baited traps) and a household-level, facial hygiene behaviour change intervention. The interventions were implemented and reinforced over 3 years. Laboratory technicians and the trial statistician were masked. The pr …

Efficacy of mass drug administration with ivermectin for control of scabies and impetigo, with coadministration of azithromycin: a single-arm community intervention trial.

BACKGROUND: In small community-based trials, mass drug administration of ivermectin has been shown to substantially decrease the prevalence … were offered two doses of oral ivermectin 200 μg/kg 7-14 days apart using weight-based bands, or 5% permethrin cream 7-14 days apart if ivermectin was contraindicated. Our study had the primary outcomes of safety and feasibility of large-scale mass coadministration of oral ivermectin and azithromycin, which have been previously reported. We report here the p …

Conference Proceedings - 6th International Conference on Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarker Discovery (MDBD 2022): Building Resilience in Biomedical Research : Penang, Malaysia. 11-13 October 2022.

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… Results and Discussion The bioassay results showed 28% and 53% mortalities in mosquitoes exposed to permethrin from the hotspot and non-hotspot areas. Permethrin has been used extensively in Malaysia’s dengue vector control program. … The t-test showed 114 upregulated and 74 downregulated proteins in resistant versus laboratory strain exposed to permethrin. …

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness against malaria of three types of dual-active-ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs in Tanzania: a four-arm, cluster-randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have successfully reduced malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, but their effectiveness is now p … to allocate clusters (1:1:1:1) to receive one of four types of LLIN treated with the following: α-cypermethrin only (pyrethroid-only [reference] group); pyriproxyfen and α-cypermethrin (pyriproxyfen group); chlorfenapyr and α-cypermethrin (chlorfenapyr group); or the synergist piperonyl butoxide and permethrin (piperonyl butoxide group). At least one LLIN wa …

Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines.

Since 1977, the World Health Organization publishes a list of essential medicines, i.e., those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population and are selected with regard to disease prevalence and public health relevance, evidence of clinical efficacy, and safety, as well as comparative costs and cost-effectiveness. The Essential Medicines List (EML) is an invaluable tool for all countries to select those medicines that have an excellent risk/benefit ratio and that are reputed to be of pivotal importance to health. In the present perspective, we describe the chemical composition

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… drugs in which the cleavage of the nonhindered linear ester guarantees a short activity (e.g., suxamethonium, atracurium) to more hindered esters where the functional group is resistant to hydrolysis (alfa-substituted, erythromycin; alfa-unsaturated–natamycin; endocyclic etoposide; bound to cycles, permethrin … Three of the 13 cutaneous drugs display a negative log P value (e.g., acyclovir, fluorouracil, urea) and 3 of them a log P above 5 (e.g., miconazole, permethrin, terbinafine), while only 7 drugs (54%) fall in the log P range 1–4. …