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Yellow fever in Kenya: the need for a country-wide surveillance programme.

Since the emergence of yellow fever (YF) as a public health threat in Kenya in 1992-1993, low level transmission of the virus to humans has continued to occur. A programme of YF surveillance has been instrumental in the monitoring of YF activity and has clearly demonstrated an expansion of the zone of virus activity into regions that were not affected in the 1992-1993 epidemic. This is of major concern for the approximately 29 million Kenyans who are unvaccinated and therefore at risk of infection. A revision of the surveillance programme is underway to create a more efficient system of recogn…

Yellow fever epidemics and mortality in the United States, 1693-1905.

Yellow fever epidemics struck the United States repeatedly in the 18th and 19th centuries. The disease was not indigenous; epidemics were imported by ship from the Caribbean. Prior to 1822, yellow fever attacked cities as far north as Boston, but after 1822 it was restricted to the south. Port cities were the primary targets, but the disease occasionally spread up the Mississippi River system in the 1800s. New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, and Charleston were major targets; Memphis suffered terribly in 1878. Yellow fever epidemics caused terror, economic disruption, and some 100,000-150,000 death…

Immunogenicity of a purified fragment of 17D yellow fever envelope protein.

Information on the immunogenic properties of purified flavivirus proteins may be useful in the development of recombinant or synthetic peptide vaccines. Using a monoclonal antibody, an attempt was made to purify the envelope (E) protein of 17D yellow fever virus (17D YF) by affinity chromatography. The purified material could not be identified as intact E protein but it did bear antigenic determinants of E as determined by selective reactivity with anti-E monoclonal antibodies. Rabbits immunized with this material produced antibodies that neutralized 17D YF and dengue-2 viruses in comparable t…

Studies on yellow fever vaccine. II--Stability of the reconstituted product.

This work evaluated the stability of diluted yellow fever vaccine in order to determine conditions that maintain the minimum of 3 log10 of 17D virus per human dose as required by WHO. The vaccines were held at 0 degrees C or at 37 degrees C and were diluted either with distilled water, with 0.15 M saline or with 0.15 M PBS at pH 5.5, 7.2 and 8.0. In a next step, stabilizer substances such as gelatin and peptone were added to the vaccines. Dilution of the vaccines in distilled water maintained the virus titre for up to three hours at 37 degrees C and this diluent has been adopted for routine us…

Comparison of neurovirulence of different strains of yellow fever virus in mice.

The virulence of different vaccine and wild-type yellow fever (YF) viruses for young adult mice was compared using both intracerebral and intranasal routes of administration. Thirty-five different YF viruses killed mice within 12 days following intracerebral inoculation. In contrast, only seven of those examined killed mice following intranasal administration; these were Asibi virus (YF-AS), the French neurotropic vaccine, two out of three 17DD vaccine substrain viruses (Brazil, Colombia but not Dakar) and three out of six wild-type isolates (YF-B7, YF-B12 and YF-B15). None of eight distinct p…

Дифференциация штаммов вируса желтой лихорадки в мышах с гамма-облученным облучением.

Мышь, сориентированная на оптимальную сублетальную гамма-излучение, использовалась для дифференциации штаммов вируса желтой лихорадки и для разрешения их иммуногенности и патогенности в качестве отличительных характеристик. Что касается различных штаммов вируса желтой лихорадки, то модели f-синтеза антител, регуляционный иммунитет (до испытания) и защитный иммунитет (после испытания) в разной степени чувствительны к гамма-излучению. Эти критические дифференциации штаммов вируса желтой лихорадки у мышей, облученных гамма-облученных, были сопоставлены с теми, которые были показаны у обычных атим

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The mouse sensitized by optimal, sub-lethal gamma-irradiation has been used for the differentiation of strains of yellow fever virus and for the resolution of their immunogenicity and pathogenicity as distinct characteristics. For different strains of yellow fever virus, the patterns f antibody-synthesis, regulatory immunity (pre-challenge) and protective im…